China Syma Tsyan

ezikhumbuzo ezibhaliweyo isixelela ukuba xa kolawulo Shang-intsev kwi Srednekitayskoy kwithafa ngaphambi kwexesha, apha ochazwa ngokuba isithethe ngembali xia Dynasty. Le mbali Chinese yamandulo Syma Tsyan, owadala ngenkulungwane I. BC. e. odumileyo yakhe 'Records Historical ", ubonisa sexesha apho" amakhosi ezintathu "(xia, Shang kunye Zhou), nto leyo iveza umehluko kunye nexesha elandulelayo of" abalawuli ezintlanu ". Syma Tsyan ebengunyana wokwaluphala kwakhe waza wacinga iindidi komntu. Noko ke, xa echaza indlela izenzo "abalawuli 'yamandulo ukuqonda iimpawu, ukuvumela ukuba ukuchaza indawo yabo kwinkqubo yentlalo-zembali.

Enye i "abalawuli emiHlanu" Yao wayengumntu, umlawuli olumkileyo, lifanelwe ngubani ubudala, waqalisa ukufuna umntu owayeza kungena ezihlangwini phakathi kwizifundo zakhe. ukukhetha kwakhe, wayeka kwi Shu-hayi, kwaye kubonise ukukwazi zizibonakalise babo babe ezihlangwini ku Yao. Niyabagxotha imithetho yimpumelelo njengokuba ezihlangwini wayo, yaye emva koko, sixelise umzekelo wakhe, wamnika etroneni Yu ehlokomayo nabakwaziyo. Nangona kunjalo, le yokugqibela waqhekeza nesiko, kwaye wakhululana unyana wakhe. Ngoko kwakukho indlu xia.

Kuyabonakala ukuba, kule isithethe seva le ntlokoma utshintsho ezibalulekileyo zentlalo, ephawulwe ukutshatyalaliswa odolo ezindala abangekaphuhli kwaye kwakhokelela ukuvela ngamandla zamafa. Okwangoku, inzululwazi Akukho bungqina ekuzibonakaliseni wayekhona i xia Dynasty. China Syma Tsyan.

Kodwa ubukho XVII-XI eminyaka. BC. e. protogosudarstvennyh th imfundo wazibonakalisa Shang ufumana ezikhumbuzo epigraphic belo xesha - ekuthiwa-Yin mibhalo yezihlabo, azabonakala ngaphandle. Decipherment kunye nokutolikwa kwale mithombo (ukongeza idatha eyiyo zakudala) yenza kube lula ukubuyisela amanqanaba ephambili yophuhliso yoluntu Yin.

iimpawu abaninzi intsev inkcubeko zibonisa isiko ukususela emva kwixesha Neolithic emva kwexesha. Phakathi Yin yaba yayokufika kwizinga eliphezulu izakhono zobugcisa kwinkalo yokunyibilikisa isinyithi (processing yobhedu), kodwa ke ezi mpumelelo phantse nafuthe nkcukacha lwezixhobo kwindawo engundoqo ye kwimveliso lwentlalo - kwezolimo: entsimini, njengokuba ngaphambili, baphathwa izixhobo ikakhulu ngomthi nangelitye, kwaye bobhedu isetyenziswe ikakhulu ngenxa ukwenziwa kwezixhobo neempahla lokuhlambulula.

China Syma Tsyan