Arnold Schoenberg: biography kunye nomsebenzi ngokufutshane, iifoto

Arnold Schoenberg, ngokufutshane yokuyila ingachazwa ezintsha, waphila ubomi umdla futhi engenakulibaleka. Wangena ngembali umculo elimiweyo revolution uye revolution ekwakhiweni, wadala isikolo sakhe umculo, washiya ilifa umdla kunye Galaxy yonke ngabafundi. Arnold Schoenberg - enye abaqambi inkulu kwinkulungwane yama-20.

Childhood noSapho

September 13, 1874 e Vienna, wazalwa Arnold Schoenberg, imbali yabo ayiyi kuba lula, kodwa isoloko ezinxulumene umculo. usapho Schoenberg yayihlala a aqala yamaYuda. UYise - USamuel Schoenberg - wazalelwa Pressburg, kwafuneka ivenkile yezihlangu encinane. Umama - uPauline Nachod - inzalelwane Prague, yaba umfundisi ipiyano. Arnold waba Ndakhula eqhelekileyo, kwakungekho zimpawu ikamva lakhe elikhulu.

Ukufumana vocations

Ukususela kwiminyaka ekuqaleni umama wakhe waqalisa ukufundisa umculo Arnold, wabanika ithemba. Kodwa indlela baqhubeke nemfundo yabo kusapho wayengekho. Wafunda inzululwazi self-kuqamba. A izifundo ezimbalwa counterpoint bamnika-mthetho, umqambi odumileyo Austria kunye umbexeshi; ngokuba lowo uDade Shenberga Matilda watshata - Alexander von Zemlinsky. Iimvumi bangabahlobo bokwenene kakhulu, ubomi wahlala nesidima yaye ngokufuthi bancedisana ngamnye ezinye iingcebiso malunga nobugcisa bexambulisana. Kucetyiswa ngamandla Zemlinsky osebenza naye ukuba abe ngumbhali nobungcali umculo. Umqambi elizayo Arnold Schoenberg njenge elivisayo wakuva lobizo lwakhe, kwaye nangona iimeko ezazingekho nguye wakhe, wamnika lonke ixesha laxa umculo.

Ukuqala career professional

Intsapho waphila ubomi osisityebi, yaye xa kwasweleka uyise, ngoxa Arnold eli-15, yaye kwaba nzima kakhulu. Lo mfana kwafuneka ukuba nawuphi na umsebenzi. Arnold Schoenberg wayesebenza umabhalane bank ozulazulayo ukuthenga bakhokela iikwayara abasebenzi, wabhala orchestrations for operettas. Kodwa akazange abashiye izifundo zakhe umculo ngexesha lakhe spare wabhala imisebenzi yakhe. Sele 1898 e Vienna okokuqala uya kwenza imisebenzi yi Schoenberg kuloo ndawo. Ngowe-1901 waya Berlin, apho wenza izifundo umculo Stern somculo wade kukhokelela ikhosi nokwakheka.

Ngeli xesha ke leva Gustavom Malerom, nto leyo kwaba nefuthe elibaluleke kakhulu kwimbono yehlabathi ka Schoenberg. Ngowe-1903 wabuyela eVienna waza waqalisa ukusebenza esikolweni umculo. Kwangaxeshanye, uyakwazi ukubhala umculo kweli xesha, oko ngokusisigxina kulo isithethe isikolo German of Abaqambi kwenkulungwane ye-19. Lo msebenzi ubalulekileyo kwesi sigaba zezi: string bexubene "kumila kumbi Night" umbongo "Pelleas et Melisande" (1902-1903 gg.), I-cantata "Songs Gurria" (1900-1911 gg.). Arnold Schoenberg wayehluke a umthamo omkhulu umsebenzi, ekuqaleni endleleni, wafundisa ngaxeshanye, wabhala umculo, wanika Ikonsathi.

Biography nomculo

In Schoenberg imisebenzi umqambi zezi amaxesha amathathu: ithoni (ukususela 1898 ukuya 1908), atonal (1909-1922 gg.) Yaye dodecaphony (ukusukela 1923). Evolution womculo edityaniswe kwi lufuna indlela entsha kunye indlela entsha. Isiphelo sakhe inxulumene kuqala nge expressionism, ukusuka apho kamva wenza yophando lwakhe yotshintsho olululo. De 1907 Schoenberg wafudukela ngokuhambelana umculo emveli weklasiki. Kodwa kulo nyaka kukho utshintsho olukhulu kwihlabathi lomsebenzi wakhe, oko ucinga okuninzi malunga umculo, wabhala theory. Kukho ingxaki kulwimi lakhe zomculo, ukwanda njengokufuna dissonance, kodwa igcina xiviri bemveli.

Kwaye ngo-1909, yona iqale ingasetyenziswa kwithuba elilkunyeelayo lokuba ubomi bakhe. Ngowe-1911, uArnold Schoenberg, ogama engobomi babawa ukuza kweli hlabathi umculo, esiya Berlin, apho iminyaka 4 ezibekekeleyo ekubukeni njengoko umqhubi. Ngeli xesha sele kakuhle-eyaziwa imvumi eYurophu. Ngowe-1915, umqambi iminyaka emibini awathunyelwa emkhosini. Eli xesha luphawulwa atonal Ithoni sokwala iziko yomsebenzi ezama Schoenberg 12 zisebenza ngokulinganayo ithowuni isikali chromatic. Ngowe-1923 wafumana isihloko unjingalwazi umculo kunye nesimemo ukuba asebenze kwi-Berlin School of Music. Nokuza ku amandla ngamaNazi 1933, Schoenberg agxothwa Conservatory, waza yena, esoyika intshutshiso ngakumbi, njengommeli wesizwe yamaYuda, ukuba izwe. Okokuqala waya eFransi, yaye kamva eUnited States.

Ixesha lesithathu umqambi ephawulwe yophando lwakhe ezinkulu. Eqalisa ukuba athambekele umbutho ubengo series zomculo, ezo zililo zakhiwa kule nowuthsi alishumi aziphindwanga apha kumqolo omnye. Ngoko ke kukho umculo dodecaphonic. In Shengberga imisebenzi zibonisa ngokupheleleyo ixesha, zizele utshintsho, kwakunye namava akhe neemvakalelo ezikhathazayo.

theory umculo

Umqambi usoloko ezama ukulawula ifomu kunye neendlela yokuvakalisa umculo wakhe, esiza becala isole. Ngoko ke, zonke izinto zakhe nal kunye nokuvakalisa zanikezelwa amaphepha ezinkulu zenzululwazi. Ngowe-1911, Arnold Schoenberg wabhala umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala enkulu senkolelo "Imfundiso ngokuvumelana." Sele kuwo, echaza iimbono zakhe malunga iyangqinelana yamagama, nto leyo ibaluleke kakhulu kuye bonke ubomi bakhe. Le ncwadi iye yaba umsebenzi kuphela ezaliswe ngokupheleleyo umqambi. Kamva, yena kuthatha ukubhala imisebenzi ezininzi ngexesha elinye, rhoqo umlungisa kwaye appends kubo, ngexesha lokuphila kwakhe, azizange ashicilelwe.

Kuphela ngo-1994 Kusebenza ekukhanyeni, edityaniswe kwenye umqulu - ". Relationship, counterpoint, orchestration, imfundiso ifomu" Ezi izibhengezo logic zomculo nokucinga malunga orchestration beemvavanyo samalungiselelo counterpoint kwaye azizange zigqitywe ngumbhali ye ekwakhiweni, kodwa ukubonisa indlela ekwakukho kuyo uphando lwakhe. "Iziseko Ubume Musical" zapapashwa abafundi 20 ngasekupheleni iinkosi leminyaka. Arnold Schoenberg wenza igalelo elibalulekileyo kwithiyori umculo, wakwazi ukubona ngendaleko kwengcamango zomculo kwaye balindele uphuhliso yayo kwiminyaka ezayo. Kwiincwadi zakhe, Schoenberg ibonisa ekunyanisekeni lwemveliso, uphuhliso ingcamango umculo kwaye uza ingcamango monotonalnosti.

umsebenzi wokufundisa

Umqambi ubomi owenza umsebenzi wokufundisa - okokuqala esikolweni, ngoko ke somculo eBerlin. Xa ekuthinjweni, wasebenza e Boston University, Southern California, Los Angeles, ukufundisa ithiyori umculo kunye nokwakheka. Arnold Schoenberg wadala kwisikolo lonke abaqambi, ogama "Second Viennese School". Wakhulela ngabafundi ngomoya inkonzo umculo, akazange icebise ukuba balandele ngqo umzekelo wakhe, baze bafune kuphela indlela yabo kwimizobo. abafundi bakhe okusemandleni ingqalelo A. Berg Anton Webern, oya ekupheleni wahlala ethembekile imibono yakhe anda Abaqambi ezizimeleyo bafanelwe ootitshala babo. Schoenberg wakhokela zonke izifundo zomculo, kugxininiswa ngokukodwa polyphony, egqalwa sisiseko lwengqibelelo. Nabafundi bakhe Umqambi baqhubeka ukuba basebenzisane ngokusondeleyo yaye emva kokukhululwa kwabo, kwaba igunya labo okunjalo. Le nto yenze ukuba ukuba ibe kwabeMi abantu abanazo.

Dodecaphony Arnolda Shenberga

Arnold Schoenberg, kwincwadi engobomi bomntu elifutshane linokuchazwa ngazwi linye "dodecaphony", waba ideologue kunye ze ibe kwicala elitsha lomculo. Kuphando yayo ukubhalwa womculo kakhulu ukonga umqambi uyeza ingcamango inkqubo ukubunjwa Itowni-12. Le kwafunyaniswa yenza umqambi re-bafunde ukuba baqambe umculo, yena oluninzi ukuhlola fomu, ukhangela amathuba amatsha indlela yabo zvukochastotnogo.

Imithetho technology entsha Baphelelwa ngeziqwenga nepiyano, nto leyo ithetha lukhulu. Kamva, yena uya ekudalweni kwemisebenzi ezinkulu (abandwendweli, quartets, omculo) kwi indlela ezintsha. yophando lwakhe ngokupheleleyo nempembelelo uphuhliso umculo kwinkulungwane yama-20. iingcinga zakhe, leyo yena zange ziphuhliswe ngokupheleleyo, bakhethwa phezulu abalandeli, kuphuhliswa, egqibelele, ngamanye amaxesha komzimba. Igalelo lakhe umculo wazibonakalisa kwiinzame ukufezekisa ifomu zomculo.

imisebenzi ephambili

Arnold Schoenberg yashiya ilifa enkulu somculo. Kodwa umsebenzi wakhe ibalulekileyo opera engagqitywanga "uMoses noAron," ingcamango esavela kwi-20 kwinkulungwane yama-20 yaye eziqulethwe yonke chavelela kanye Ukufuna umqambi. Xa opera Schoenberg kaThixo ophila yonke isimo sakhe bulumko, umphefumlo wakhe uphela. Kwakhona kubalulekile ukuba imisebenzi umqambi ziquka: "Chamber Symphony", Op. 9, opera "Lucky Hand", 5 Piano Pieces, Op. 23, "ode waya uNapoleon".

impilo Personal

Arnold Schoenberg, ogama iifoto kunokubonwa namhlanje kuzo zonke iincwadi ngembali umculo, waphila ubomi ephithizelayo. Ukongeza umculo, yena wayexakekile ukupeyinta, umsebenzi wakhe uye wayibonisa imisebenzi yakhe kuwo wonke amaziko amakhulu eYurophu. Waba ngumhlobo Kokoschka, Kandinsky, yaba lilungu le-Prussia Academy of Arts. Ngexesha lakhe, wabhala imisebenzi engama-300.

Arnold Schoenberg watshata okokuqala ekuseni kakhulu, kuba ngowe-1898 waba yamaProtestanti. Nomkakhe bakhohlisa phezu kwakhe, waya nesithandwa sakhe, kodwa emva koko wabuyela usapho, kunye awayethandana naye wazibulala. Umfazi wakhe Matilda wafa ngowe-1923, yaye isiphelo sawo ixesha elinzima ebomini mntu umqambi ngayo. Emva konyaka watshata udade violin waza wahlala ngokonwaba kunye naye ubomi. Ngowe-1933 wagqiba ekubeni abuyele ebuYudeni, udlula isiko olufanelekileyo Paris yesikhungu.

Aphelele Arnolda Shenberga

Umqambi ekrelekrele kakhulu, izakhono izibalo, kodwa umgaqo ngqiqweni yayintsha kuye. ubomi bakhe bonke uleqa izinto zasemzini kunye saseFilipi. Yintoni Umqambi woyika kakhulu Arnold Schoenberg? Kwafuneka yokoyika ezinqabileyo - woyika kwi emehlweni 13. Wazalwa kule nombolo, ebomini yokuphepha izindlu kunye namagumbi ehotele phantsi kweli nani. Ngoko ke yintoni bayazoyika Arnold Schoenberg ekugqibeleni? Amanani? Hayi, Kakade ke esoyika ukufa. Wayeqinisekile ukuba uza kufa nge 13th elo nani 76 - efikelela kwi-13 - ndimse ekufeni. Zonke unyaka wakhe wokuzalwa ezayo 76th, wayephila ukuthingaza, kude ngenye imini waya kulala kakuhle ukuba ukufa uya kuza kuye namhlanje. Uchithe usuku lonke ebhedini, elinde lilixa lokugqibela. Ngokuhlwa, umfazi wazidiliza kwaye kwanyanzeleka ukuba ayeke ukwenza izinto ezingenangqondo uphume ebhedini. Kodwa kwimizuzu 13 phambi zobusuku, wathi igama elithi "ngokuvumelana" kwaye walishiya eli hlabathi. Ngoko ke, ngoJulayi 13, 1951 ihlabathi ezilahlekileyo umqambi enkulu.