Xa inkqubo yerhafu, kukho iindidi ezahlukeneyo yokubheja. Zisetyenziswa ngokuhlanganisa ukufezekisa ngempumelelo enkulu. Zeziphi ezi ntlobo ze irhafu, nto leyo kumkhawulela umfo namhlanje? Zahlukene njani? zisichaphazela njani umthwalo werhafu, apho ubona labemi beli lizwe? Yintoni izinga lerhafu ukusuka kwindawo yoqoqosho olukhulu ngayo? Yintoni ukusebenza kwabo eqhinga?
Yintoni izinga werhafu?
Wena kuqala Kufuneka luchaze amagama. Ngenxa yoko, izinga lerhafu (umyinge kweerhafu kunye irhafu) yeyona ubungakanani namacala ukuya iyunithi enye eyongezelelweyo utshintsho ledatha. Xa ichazwa ingeniso werhafu ngokwayamene ipesenti, ibizwa ngokuba isabelo. Izinga le wokuba element werhafu.
Umthwalo werhafu
Phantsi umthwalo werhafu aqonde inqanaba umdla ubudlelwane yerhafu yemVeliso yaseKhaya kungekaTsalwa nto kweli lizwe. Ngamanye amazwi, phantsi kwalo mba kuxhomekeke umlinganiselo kweentlawulo kusisinyanzelo ukuba GDP karhulumente. Umthwalo kungabalelwa ngokwahlukileyo kwisifundo ngasinye okanye lonke projekthi (inkampani okanye umntu ibhodi umvuzo). Ukuze ukubala oko, kufuneka usebenzise ifomula: SLF / D, apho ELF - isixa irhafu kuvavanywa, D - ingeniso.
Kuba amazwe ngokwaneleyo, apho kukho inkqubo yokhuseleko loluntu iphawulwa njengomthwalo ephantsi irhafu kumazwe aphuhlileyo ngayo, phezu koko, iphezulu kakhulu. Kuba yokugqibela, umzekelo eSweden, apho kwiminyaka ethile yayinkulu kwama-60%. Kufuneka kwakhona ukhankanye Inqaku umahluko phakathi umthwalo kanye besiqhelo. Baluncedo ukusuka luvo evumela ukuqikelela ubungakanani lokubaleka ukuhlawula irhafu. Ngoko, kunye nongeniselo umthwalo ngegama kwandisa inani lamatyala yokuphepha intlawulo. Xa kufikelela kwinqanaba elithile, le ngxaki yokusetyenziswa ukubuthwa uba omkhulu, ngoko ke simo iyatshintsha ngendlela yokunciphisa imali ifunyenwe. Xa urhulumente ufumana imali kakhulu imali, kukholelwa ukuba izinga e Laffer. Kodwa de akathanga azame ukufikelela. Ngoku vula nesihloko engundoqo ingqalelo iindidi irhafu. Engangqalanga inkqubo yokuqokelela irhafu ziya kuqwalaselwa kuphela phantsi ngokubanzi, yaye iya kugxininisa kumgca.
Zeziphi iintlobo irhafu?
Ngoko ke yintoni uhlobo apho? Okwangoku, iintlobo irhafu elandelayo. Dwelisa lula ukukhumbula:
- Esihlelwe.
- Ukuqhubeka kwaba bafundi.
- Nokuqhubekayo.
Ngamnye kubo uneempawu zawo, nto leyo ngoku ziya kuqwalaselwa. Kusekho uhlobo 4: Izinga esisigxina. intsingiselo yalo siyifumana yokuba umise isixa esithile serhafu ekufuneka ihlawulwe nokuba yengeniso. Kodwa ngenxa yokungabikho bhetyebhetye yayo kwezoqoqosho izinga ngoku esisigxina alisetyenziswa ngomlinganiselo wesizwe, kodwa kuphela ngokohlobo kwerente, umzekelo, kwitoni oyile okanye intsimbi ekrwada (nokuba ingeniso) nganye.
Izinga werhafu umlinganiselo
Phantsi yesenzo kwindlela buyasuswa isahlulo enye kuzo zonke iintlobo yengeniso. Ukuqikelela kuya kubachaphazela ngayo abantu bafumane izibalo zemali, ukwenza iintlawulo ezincinane. Ngoko ke, kwingeniso net kufuneka zibanjwe inkcitho inyanzelekile ukuba aye ukutya, impahla, unyango, indawo yokuhlala kunye nokuthuthwa. Yonke into eseleyo (kuqikelelwa ukuba nantoni na konke konke uya), yenze ingeniso efihlakeleyo. Oku kunganyusa okanye kuwa emva kokutshintsha iirhafu ekhoyo (okanye sibabonelele ngezinye iindlela ezintsha). Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba inkqubo yerhafu umlinganiselo kakhulu kumphathe xa isicelo kumahlwempu. Umzekelo, engange-500 ukusuka 10,000 no-5000 100,000 zinentsingiselo eyahlukileyo abanini ezi mali, ngoko eziliqela kwiintlawulo inyanzelekile ukuba urhulumente nezinye iintlobo irhafu. Inkqubo umlinganiselo kusetyenziswa xa usebenza kunye namashishini amakhulu.
izinga lerhafu kuchaswa
Phantsi izinga lerhafu kuchaswa ukuqonda ukuzibophelela ukuze ezifana ekukhuleni kwisiseko irhafu kunciphisa ipesenti ekufuneka ihlawulwe imali. Umzekelo ukuphunyezwa: xa esisigxina ayikho aba ingxenye yenzuzo ifunyenwe, yaye isixa esithile, kwaye kufuneka ukuba uhlawule. Ukuze kube lula yonke ingeniso yahlulwe ezahlukeneyo. Ngamnye kubo kuxhomekeke izinga zabo. Ngoko ke, ukunciphisa zesixa sentlawulo akusingisi kokhona ingeniso liphela, nangenxa inxalenye yakhe. izinga lerhafu kuchaswa kwabaninzi kubonakala indlela unfair kweerhafu, yaye ifom yayo enyulu isetyenziselwe kancinane. Kukho iintlobo zithandwa ngakumbi irhafu. luphinda emva kwabo bahlupheke ngqo - omnye ethandwa kakhulu kolu didi. Njengoko umzekelo ngokwenene ukuqonda kungakhokelela irhafu lwentlalo emanyeneyo. Ngoko ke, ukwehla kwezinga werhafu kwenzeka ngelixa sisenyusa inkcitho zabasebenzi. Le ndlela yenzelwe umvuzo kwimveliso ephuma izithunzi. Hi ndlela leyi, malunga neentlobo irhafu. luphinda emva kwabo bahlupheke ngqo usesikhundleni eyodwa apha. Njengoko sele sibonile, isetyenziselwa izenzo ezithile kunye ezixhasayo ezisetyenziswa yi States ukuphucula malunga nokuvumeleka ngokusemthethweni kwinqanaba.
izinga lerhafu Progressive
Irhafu Progressive isekelwe kwingeniso, ezisetyenziswa ngokwengqiqo yabo. Of umdla inkulu umahluko phakathi kwezibonelelo ngokudibanisa nenkcitho kwiimfuno ephambili. Lo mgaqo isiseko kunomlinganiselo werhafu eqhubela phambili. Ngapha koko, ukwanda nobuninzi ingeniso kunciphisa isabelo yonke imali aye eqhelekileyo yokusebenza yabantu (inkcitho ukutya, indawo yokuhlala kunye nezinye iintlawulo eziphambili). Kwathi ngelo xesha ukwandisa imali iya nokuthengwa kwempahla obutofotofo, okanye iziyolo. Eli zinga isisombululo kwiimeko apho abahlawuli berhafu ngaphantsi osisityebi abafumana umthwalo omkhulu werhafu ngaphezu indoda esisityebi. Ukongeza, yahlulelwe kwii iintlobo zeHPV zingonobangela, eziya kwahluka phakathi kwabo:
- radix Simple.
- -Sigaba Single.
- radix Relative.
- Multistage.
- Linear.
- Luhlangene.
rate umsebenzi
Isimanga oko kunokubonakala kunzima, kodwa umlinganiselo werhafu, ukongeza kwindawo engundoqo, wenza inani imisebenzi isicwangciso kwezoqoqosho. Ezinye zazo zezi:
- uqoqosho kwalo losindiso "nobushushu". Phantsi capitalism, kukho into embi, njengoko iingxaki zenkqubo ngamaxesha athile ukuba ndibahlise abasabayo inxalenye kwicandelo loqoqosho kweli lizwe. Ngokukhula kwezoqoqosho ngokwemigaqo irhafu ephantsi kangangoko ukusebenza Ukwanda kakhulu emarikeni. Kwaye xa ifikelela umbundu ntlekele ziya kuwa 'ukusuka ubude obungaphezulu. " Ukuze uphephe oku, oorhulumente bethandana inkqubo yokwandisa umthwalo werhafu, ukunciphisa isantya kwaye ukwanda Ukwanda imarike.
- UmMiselo lorhwebo yhuu. Inyaniso yeyoba nawuphina umntu iziseko iye kuphela ukusetyenziswa kwayo. Ke ukuba umthwalo osondela eliphezulu, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukwandisa izithuthi okanye sendleleni irhafu ngokungathanga ngqo nefuthe meko kunye niwuzalise mali karhulumente kulo.
Impembelelo yeendleko kuqoqosho ukusuka kwindawo yoqoqosho olukhulu udidi lwembono,
Urhulumente njengesizathu ngokumiselwa tax kusetyenziswa nantoni na evela nokunikezelwa kwengeniso ukudala ubulungisa kunye nesiphelo kunye nokuphelisa Iziphumo zoqoqosho lwangaphandle elibi. Ukuze ukwenza ngcono iindlela zabo ukuze kufikelelwe ngempumelelo enkulu, oku kusetyenziswa njengesixhobo umdla. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukusuka kwindawo yoqoqosho olukhulu udidi lwembono, kukhuthaza ukukhula ukuhla imfuno evela zabemi kwaye ngaxeshanye ukhuthaza oosomashishini ukuba lonyuse unikezelo lamntu. Oku kulandela kule ipatheni: abemi ngaphantsi kufuneka bahlawule irhafu kwaye sehlise izinga phezu kwabo, ngakumbi nga ndidleke kuphele, ngenxa ukusetyenziswa kunye nokufunyanwa iimveliso ezintsha. Ngaloo ndlela, a mjikelo owadalwa ngokwandisa umsebenzi kuqoqosho, leyo, nangona akukho ongenasiphelo, kunokuba nempembelelo entle kwikota imfutshane isithuba seminyaka eliqela. Ngokutsho siseko karhulumente ngexesha nkqubo ukuvuselela uqoqosho. Ngokwandisa irhafu yenkampani, kunye neenkampani banyanzeleka ukuba ukukhulisa amaxabiso aphulukane share emarikeni kunye nokunciphisa ubukho bayo. Ngenxa yoko, umjikelo yenguqu ukunciphisa ukukhula. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kuqatshelwe ukuba ukuncipha kwemfuneko aggregate emarikeni kukuba bomzimba ngokomlinganiselo ixabiso izinga lerhafu. Le buhlobo iye yachazwa nguMcebisi Economic US uRonald Reygana Artura Laffer, owaba ngunozala ingcamango "economics zobonelelo-icala."
isiphelo
Ukushwankathela, sinokuthi ngalo mzuzu akukho izinga rhafu jikelele, leyo enokusetyenziswa naphi na. Mhlawumbi kuya kuqulunqwa kwixesha elizayo. Nokuba ke, thina ngoku kuphela yintoni na.