Mthetho, State kunye nomthetho
Ubulungisa ongumntwana: ntoni na? Ingxaki yobulungisa zoLutsha e Russian Federation
Icandelo yomthetho, nto leyo ibandakanya iingxaki kunye umthetho abantwana, yindlela yobulungisa yabantwana. Yintoni ngoku iyakwazi ukuxelela nayiphi umphandi okanye igqwetha. Kwelinye icala, ezi lijongene icandelo neenkundla abaphuli-mthetho abangabantwana, kwaye kwelinye - ukukhusela abo bantwana efanayo ekuphathweni gadalala ngabantu abadala. Ngenxa inxalenye yokuqala icacile. Ngokuba izenzo zakhe, ngamnye kufuneka ihlangane. Kodwa inkqubo yobulungisa zoLutsha kwi Russian Federation ngokuphathelele ukhuseleko bantwana a lot of bokuqonda.
amanqaku ngembali
Iwonga ezikhethekileyo isencinci babekho emihleni yoBukhosi baseRashiya. Ukuba siqwalasela Code Penal kunye Izilungiso zoLwaphulo ukususela 1845, unoxanduva lwezenzo lwaqala iminyaka esixhenxe. Kuba izikreqo abazali nabantwana lalithabatha isohlwayo. NgoDisemba 1866, Alexander II wamkelwa ngumthetho phezu umxholo abaphuli-mthetho abangabantwana kumathanga ezizodwa kunye neemeko zokuphila engabopheleli. Le guys apha bakwazi ukufunda kunye nomsebenzi. Nokuba ke, amakhwenkwe kunye namantombazana wagcinwa ngamnye.
Lo mthetho ikhowudi ye-1903 ubudala yoxanduva lolwaphulo litshintshiwe. ukuba abaphuli-mthetho abangabantwana ukuba babethwe sele ufikelela iminyaka eli-10. Ukongeza, abafana baye bakwazi ukuhlala monki kwi woonongendi endaweni isohlwayo kuyo. Imithetho yobulungisa zoLutsha kwi kwinguqulelo yakutshanje ayenziwa kwinkulungwane XX ekuqaleni. inkundla abantwana kuqala bafika ngo-1910, kwaqhubeka de Oktobha Revolution. Nangona kunjalo, ngethuba leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, ingxenye womthetho simise lwalo lokukhawulelana nophuhliso.
Ngowe-1922, amanyathelo yokohlwaya yoxanduva nezolwaphulomthetho komelezwa. Ngokutsho komthetho ixesha umoni eneminyaka engama-16 ethwele izohlwayo efanayo abadala. umaphuli-mthetho ongumntwana kufuneka abekwe kuyo yeseli eqhelekileyo. Andiqondi nika abaphuli abangaphantsi kweminyaka engama-18, kuphela umlinganiselo ephezulu tikhoma - ukubulawa.
Njengoko izinto namhlanje?
Modern inkqubo zolutsha yobulungisa kwi Russian Federation kuqala ngumthetho kuphela ngo-1995. Kwandula ke kwafika Ndiwise sikaMongameli ka 14.09.1995 nyaka, nto leyo yamkele isicwangciso sokusebenza bantwana. Inkqubo eyodwa iye yasungulwa ukuze omeleze ukukhuselwa ngokusemthethweni abantwana, ethe wafumana igama olusemthethweni "ukuganga wobulungisa". Yintoni na le candelo? Zeziphi iinkalo zobomi ntoni bukugubungele? Le mibuzo neminye emininzi ekuqaleni akukho iimpendulo kwiingcaphephe. Ngapha koko, le ngcamango ochaphazelekayo nje luxanduva kubantwana phambi komthetho, kodwa ukukhusela amalungelo abantwana.
Ngowe-1998, iye yapasisa umthetho iziqinisekiso angundoqo amalungelo abantwana Russian Federation. Ngokuba lixesha yokuqala ingcamango yokuba "abantwana kwiimeko ezinzima." Apha wayisa amakhwenkwe obudala kunye namantombazana abanengxaki zokuziphatha, bahlala kwezo ntsapho zinengeniso esezantsi okanye zagonyamelwa zizalamane abadala. kuye esebenzayo kakhulu ngokuphathelele koku liphuhlise okusesikweni namantshontsho eMoscow. oonontlalontle ukugcina iingxelo iintsapho ezingasebenzi kakuhle, ejonge abantwana abanabazali abanengxaki nomthetho.
Ingongoma esitsha ubulungisa zoLutsha eRashiya waba yesigwebo seNkundla Ephakamileyo nge-14 Februwari 2000. Xa ngokwemimiselo yayo, umaphuli-mthetho ongumntwana, usenokukhululwa kubutyala lolwaphulo-mthetho, xa bengakwazi nazigqibo ixhoba okanye izalamane zakhe.
Ngowe-2008, utshintsho kwenziwa kwi-Code endyangwini. Kwakukho isahluko 22, nto leyo echaza ithuba zokususwa abantwana abavela kwiintsapho kwimeko ebomini nzima. Ukuba kwisithuba sexesha elithile le meko ayikatshintshi, abantwana egqitywe kumaziko ezizodwa isixhobo kwintsapho entsha. Kwabakho inqaku le-Criminal Code, obonelela uxanduva lwabazali ukuba ukungaphumeleli ukukhulisa namantshontsho. Oko kukuthi ngaphezulu kakhulu lubopheleleke ithuba wokhuseleko umntwana zolutsha ubulungisa. Kuthetha ukuthini? Enyanisweni, lo mkhuba isohlwayo zasekhaya akuvumelekanga njengentsapho, kunye nekhowudi yamabanjwa.
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kukho imithetho ngayo imodeli okusesikweni zoLutsha malungaxhomekeki ekuyilweni eenkundla zolutsha mthetho. Iingcali zithi ukuba kufuneka kusungulwe inkqubo ekhethekileyo uphumezo izohlwayo ngokuphathelele abantu abangazange eminyakeni yobudala engama-18. Ukongeza, eminye imibuzo phambili efanele ukuba imiliselwe ngayo ngokunxulumene abantwana evinjwa ukulondolozwa ngabazali. Abadala wokhanyelwa amalungelo emfundo abantwana babo kuphela kwiimeko ezizodwa.
iiprojekthi ngamnye ajolise ekufikeleleni nemiba yezempilo enxulumene ucwangciso nzala kunye nemfundo ngokwesini bantwana. Ukuqaliswa kwisifundo ezizodwa kwizikolo kuya kunceda kakhulu ekunciphiseni ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye izinga ukuzalwa abantwana neentsapho imeko ubomi nzima.
Ngaba Ndidinga utshintsho kwezomthetho esemthethweni?
inkqubo Ukunyanzeliswa yothintelo yeziphoso of abantwana namhlanje ayisebenzi kwi ngamandla alo. Kukhuseleka ngokupheleleyo, kwaye kwakhona amalungelo abantwana abaselula kwiintsapho abo kwimeko ebomini nzima. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, buthathaka kakhulu iziseko usapho. Ngokutsho iisaveyi zentlalo, abantwana abaninzi idla ukuchitha ixesha nabahlobo kunokuba nezalamane. ifuthe elibi abadala kuchatshazelwa kunye nothungelwano lwentlalo. Kwakhona lehla kunye neemfanelo zemfundo amaziko emfundo.
Juvenile Justice eMoscow nakwezinye izixeko yeli lizwe ngokusondeleyo kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ngokuphawulekayo landa inani abazali nabantwana gadalala. Hayi indima lokugqibela edlalwe yile ntlekele yezoqoqosho apha. Abaninzi zishiywa umsebenzi, abangakwaziyo ukondla iintsapho zabo. Isiphumo yaphambana elide. Engqondweni abadala ndidiniwe ziqala ukuba unyothule umsindo wabo ebantwaneni. Kubonakala ukuba kakhulu ukunciphisa ubundlobongela kwiintsapho kuya kunceda ukudala imisebenzi emitsha. uzinzo kwezoqoqosho - isitshixo sonwabe yabemi.
uguquko enkundla kunye zomthetho kufuneka zinxulumene abantwana nabo ukulawula ukufikelela kwiinethiwekhi zentlalo. Kwi-Internet, kukho ukufikelela vula ulwazi oluninzi, nto leyo ukulimaza ingqondo umntwana elihlwempu. Ukuba umda ufikelelo abantwana ukuba websites ezithile, uya kukwazi ukunciphisa ndlongo umntwana. Ngenxa yoko, ukunciphisa inani amacala ngabemi ngaphantsi kweminyaka eli-18 ubudala.
Commission on kweminyaka
Ingxaki ephambili yobulungisa zoLutsha eRashiya ukho ukungafezeki mthetho lwasekhaya. Iiprojekthi ezithetha abantwana kufuna ingqalelo ekhethekileyo evela kwiingcali. Kukholelwa ukuba le nto iphambili yobulungisa ongumntwana kufuneka ibe uthumo olukhethekileyo nemicimbi namantshontsho. Inkqubo Russian yahlukile kakhulu ukusuka kwelinye Koloni. Xa inani mazwe baye kumisa neenkundla ezizodwa namantshontsho. Kuyinto la maqumrhu isigqibo bayahlelwa abaphuli-mthetho abangabantwana, kwaye zinoxanduva imfundo yabantwana ngasekhohlo ngaphandle ukulondolozwa ngabazali. ERashiya, Noko ke, imiba efana igqitywa umzimba mnye elisebenza nge abemi abadala.
Namhlanje, eli lizwe ekusebenzeni ikhomishini zolutsha, wadalwa ngamaxesha Soviet. Umsebenzi wabo esekelwe kwimithetho ekhoyo yase. Umsebenzi ophambili we umzimba kukuthintela namakhaya kunye mthethweni izenzo abantwana abo ngaphandle ingqalelo abadala. Ukongeza, abasebenzi ikhomishini kufuneka enze konke ukuqinisekisa ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo kunye neemfuno bantwana. Kuba guys abazibona kwiimeko ezinzima, kuqhutywa kwimo yentlalo-zokufundisa.
Umsebenzi Commission on Juvenile ivelisa iziphumo ezihle. Xa iliso kwezo ntsapho zinengeniso esezantsi akakwazi ukubona abazali abangenako ukumelana noxanduva lwabo. Noko ke, lo msebenzi kufuneka wenziwe ngenkuthalo. nezikolo kunye namanye amaziko emfundo impefumlelwano iinkonzo zentlalo iza kunciphisa izinga ubunjubaqa ongumntwana, ukunciphisa inani isencinci kwiimeko ezinzima.
izikhundla eziphambili ukuyilwa yobulungisa ongumntwana
Iingcali zikholelwa ukuba inkqubo, leyo isebenza namhlanje, ukuba zitshatyalaliswe ngokupheleleyo. Le projekthi entsha kwenkqubo yobulungisa zoLutsha kufuneka luphunyezwe ngendlela, njengoko kwi West. Kule ngokutsha kufuneka ngcembe, ngokungqinelana nale nyaniso Russian. ubulungisa ongumntwana International kubandakanya impefumlelwano kwiinkalo ezahlukileyo zobomi. Ukhuselo abantwana baya kuba kunokwenzeka ukuba umsebenzi ziya kuquka kuphela iinkonzo zentlalo kodwa amaziko emfundo, imibutho yabasebenzi.
Kukho kwakhona iindawo ezihlabanayo. Ezinye iingcali zikholelwa ukuba imizimba ubulungisa zoLutsha musa ukumela naluphi na uncedo ukuze uluntu. Courts, ukugada kunye nezinye izakhiwo eziye zenza ukususela kumaxesha Soviet, Kuyinto ukumelana noxanduva lwabo. Kukho uluvo lokuba ukuphunyezwa kwenkqubo yobulungisa zoLutsha e-Russia - umlinganiselo obugqithisileyo. Konke kufuneka wenze - kukuba ukwenza iinzame zokuphucula le nkqubo yangoku. A replacement olupheleleyo ngesakhiwo uza kufuna ixesha elininzi iindleko zemali kunye emzimbeni.
Ayizi ayisuse ongumntwana ubunjubaqa namantshontsho ubulungisa. Oko kukuthi, enkabeni yalo? Le yinkqubo isohlwayo neenjubaqa zolutsha, kwakunye nokukhusela amalungelo abantwana abazali abangenako ukumelana noxanduva lwabo. Kodwa kufuneka kuqala kwenziwe umsebenzi wokufundisa iindlela kunye neendlela zemfundo. Ukuba abantwana baza kukhula ngothando nenyameko, ulwaphulo-mthetho ongumntwana ziza kuncitshiswa kakhulu. Kubonakala ukuba kuyimfuneko kukuphucula hayi inkqubo isohlwayo. Indima engundoqo kufuneka inikwe uqeqesho abazali abatsha. Kwaye lo msebenzi ukuphatha kakuhle iinkonzo zentlalo.
Eli ligatya uluntu yobulungisa yamacala
Ukuqaliswa elengqalo yobulungisa zoLutsha e-eRashiya yabangela njengesiphango izimvo ezingalunganga kunye neengxelo. Ngokutsho kwabachasi lobuchule, nemimiselo Western ziphikisana ngokupheleleyo yesizwe sengqondo, ngokomoya nezithethe ivela kule minyaka. Kuluntu Russian, kukholelwa ukuba umntwana kufuneka bahlonele abazali. Ootata nabantwana akufuneki ibe phezu ngokulinganayo. Kodwa ngokuvisisana nemilinganiselo Western, abantwana babe namalungelo afanayo njengabazali. Iingcali zikholelwa ukuba ekugqibeleni oku kuya kukhokelela destabilization iintsapho, izikolo kunye noluntu ngokubanzi. umntwana ofundileyo ngendlela engeyiyo akulungeleyo ukwenza izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho.
Against inkqubo yobulungisa imodeli Western zoLutsha abanjalo manani ezaziwayo-kakuhle ezifana intatheli uMikhail Leontyev, actress n Vasilieva, umcebisi yezopolitiko Anatoly Wasserman. Ngokutsho kwezinye abezopolitiko, ubugcisa abasebatsha badla ukwahlula uluntu Russian bangamaqela amabini.
Indlela eziqhuba esibi izidumbu zobulungisa yamacala
Russia sele ziqalisiwe iiprojekthi zokulinga ngokuphathelele namantshontsho ubulungisa. Ukuba nemiphumela emibi. Ngokuyintloko, le kugco- amalungelo yabazali. Yonke intsapho basebenzisa iindlela zabo zemfundo. Ngokutsho zemigangatho yemfundo eNtshona komntwana yobulungisa ongumntwana nga endlaka oko uya kwenza nendlela senze kwimeko ethile. Kwangaxeshanye, abazali abakwazi vala nto. Le meko nefuthe elibi kakhulu ekuphuhliseni ubuntu akuqolanga.
Oku kukhokelele ekwandeni kakhulu kwiimeko ukuhluthwa amalungelo lobuzali, ubulungisa namantshontsho. Indlela yokukhusela bekwimeko enjalo, abantu abadala musa sihlala siyazi. Kwiimeko ezininzi, isigqibo esithathwe yinkundla ayikho evuna yentsapho. Ngelo xesha ubunzima evela bobabini abadala kunye nabantwana. Lofezekiso lwemigangatho yobulungisa ongumntwana kunye kukhokelela ekwandeni kwenani kumatyala ubunjubaqa namantshontsho. Nangona kubonakala, kufuneka okwahlukileyo. Umntwana, ngasekhohlo ngaphandle ukulondolozwa ngabazali, uqala ukwenza izenzo ezingafanelekanga.
Amagunya Abasemagunyeni zolutsha
Ngokutsho kweengcali, iziphumo ezibi zifunyenwe ngenxa yokwanda ngokugqithisileyo amagunya apho eziyinxalenye isakhiwo zolutsha (koonontlalontle, iinkundla). Ukongeza, ngentetho evakalayo ngokungachanekanga amalungelo zomntwana. Ngelishwa, kwiminyaka yakutshanje landa kakhulu ukuqaliswa kwamalweyile ngendlela amagunya zolutsha kwimeko yeentsapho ngamnye. Sele kukho iimeko apho abantwana bebesusiwe kwiintsapho zabo ngayo kwizinto ezitenxileyo. Umntwana kunye ukubandezeleka kwindawo yokuqala.
Ngokutsho ntsingiselo Western, abasemagunyeni abangabantwana nazo akanakuxelela abazali indlela yokukhulisa umntwana. Ngapha koko, eYurophu kukholelwa ukuba indoda encinane ekhula abaphuhlise eluntwini, kwaye abazali badlala indima yesibini. Ngoko ke, umama notata nempembelelo kancinci kakhulu kumntwana ngamnye kunokuba iisayikholojisti zezikolo, ootitshala, oogqirha.
Uhlaziyo ezizezinye entsimini zolutsha
umthetho Koloni kunye nenkqubo yobulungisa zoLutsha ayikwazi kuchaphazela uphuhliso karhulumente Russian. Ukuze ukukhulisa uluntu yesiqhelo kuphela mfuneko izilungiso umthetho usapho okhoyo. Umsebenzi enxulumene nokhuselo iintsapho kunye nabantwana, kufuneka zijoliswe ekunciphiseni inani kwezisu, ukuxhasa iintsapho ezinkulu, ukunceda abantwana ababesele ngaphandle kwabazali. IKhomishini ezizodwa kufuneka umisele kwisikolo ngasinye. Iinkonzo zentlalo kufuneka iqhube umsebenzi wayo ngononophelo, kodwa hayi ngamandla.
ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kufuneka ihlawulwe kumaziko oluleko abantwana bakhe. Kuyimfuneko ukufumana phandle ngoko kuqala kwiinto zonke, kutheni umntwana waya ulwaphulo-mthetho. Amaxesha amaninzi, abantwana izenzo ezingekho mthethweni ezenziwe phantsi kwempembelelo abadala. Iintolongo kufuneka asebenze ukubuyisela abantwana bafunde imigaqo yokuziphatha kunye nobulungisa.
Ukuqaliswa siseko omtsha zolutsha akakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kwimiba yezoqoqosho. ingqalelo ngononophelo kufuneka kuhlawulwa ngemali zinengeniso esezantsi iintsapho ezinkulu. Kufuneka sikhuthaze bemeko--yohlobo usapho ezintandane. Ukuba intsapho ziya kubonelelwa ngokutya esemgangathweni, abantwana abanxibe izicathulo, sichitha kakuhle kakhulu leeholide zasehlotyeni, akuthandeki ukuba yimbuzwano ubunjubaqa namantshontsho.
Ngamafuphi
Kufuneka ukuphuhlisa ubulungisa zoLutsha eRashiya? Bobabini abantwana kunye nabazali baya kuzuza xa befumana ingqalelo ngakumbi evela kurhulumente. Noko ke, ingqalelo mayibhekiswe kuphuhliso usapho xa iyonke. siseko ndlongondlongo yobulungisa ongumntwana, esetyenziswa kwamanye amazwe asentshona, asihambelani umphakathi Russian.
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