Iindlela kunye neendlela zokuhambisa

inani elikhulu amagciwane uhlala ehlabathini, ayibonakali ngeliso yabantu. Abanye babo musa kubangela nawo nawuphi na ingozi, ngoxa abanye kunokubangela zizifo ezahlukahlukeneyo. Ziziphi iindlela yokosulela losulelo, kukho - umbuzo okufanele ingqalelo.

Usulelo: indlela kunye indlela yokosulela. ngokoMthetho khowudi yasiwa kumbhalo

Kule inzululwazi, esandulwa kumiliselwa, wasebenzisa igama elithi "usulelo". Eli gama libhekisela ingozi yosulelo ukusuka kwisityalo, isilwanyana okanye iqumrhu loluntu kwamagciwane ezahlukeneyo. Ezi ziquka lenyama, iintsholongwane, iintsholongwane, njalo njalo. E. Infections kudluliselwa ngokungqinelana kunye neendlela ezithile. Phantsi kwezi ndlela ukuhlanganiswa iindlela ezithile ukususa amagciwane ukusuka kumthombo ukuya eziphilayo sifo.

Iingcali ukuchonga ezine Indlela transmission :

• gciwane-ngomlomo;
• kutshizwe-aerogenic;
• ukubasulela;
• bloodborne.

indlela nganye ukusebenza ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo (iindlela). Eli gama libhekisela kwizinto ukuqinisekisa umthondo lo usulelo kwindawo kokuphilayo sifo phantsi kweemeko ezithile.

ukudluliselwa indlela uphawu womatshini indle-ngomlomo

Izifo ezithile kule indlela transmission, ebizwa emathunjini. I-arhente causative yomnini uhlala kwinkqubo yokwetyisa. Kwala magciwane zokusingqongileyo nihlangene ilindle. Le amagciwane ephilayo entsha ukungena ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Nazi iindlela ukuze udlulise isisu:

• amanzi (angcolile amanzi xa kusetyenziswa);
• ukutya (e amaqanda, inyama, intlanzi, ubisi, imifuno ezingcolisekileyo, iziqhamo kunye amaqunube);
• qhagamshelana-yasekhaya (ngokusebenzisa ezahlukeneyo izinto zendlu).

Ngamanzi, eziphilayo ngenxa hit ngqo endleni okanye zomhlaba ingcolisekile. Xa ukutya kunye neenkcukacha-nendlu iindlela transmission ukutya kunye nendlu izinto zidla bosulelwe emva kokuba umntu ogulayo ukukhonza umthombo losulelo yarweca kubo. Indima ebalulekileyo ekudluliseni kwamagciwane ukudlala okweempukane. amagciwane izifo eme ngeenyawo esi sinambuzane kunye ngendle.

UMZEKELO ukungenwa indlela transmission indle-ngomlomo

Enye aziwayo ngezifo - segazi. Esi sifo, nto leyo zibandakanya izitshanguba syndromes emathunjini kunye ukunxila ezosulelayo jikelele. Isifo kwenzeka ngenxa intonga segazi besive sodidi Shigella. Iindlela ze transmission - amanzi, ukutya kunye zoqhagamshelwano-khaya.

Okwangoku, segazi kwafunyaniswa ukuba kwiimeko ekwanti. Gciwane kwenzeka:

• ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwamanzi emilanjeni, amaqula, imihlathi, ibekwe yococeko enganelisiyo kunye neemeko zobugcisa;
• ukusetyenziswa ukutya ngokwaneleyo ukuqhubekekiswa (zimdaka, ekrwada).

Kwakhona nokuqhambuka - izifo qela. nezifo Water zibangelwa ukuphazamiseka lwamanzi amagunya kwaye zangaphakathi. uqhambuko Iinkcukacha-indlu akholisa ukubakho kokuya esikolweni ngenxa besaphula anti-bhubhane korhulumente (umzekelo, ngenxa amanyathelo kweentsholongwane kakubi eyenziwa).

transmission umendo xa indlela zetoti-aerogenic

Le ndlela Ukudluliselwa amagama eziliqela. Kule ncwadi ezikhethekileyo kukho izinto ezifana njengeminqweno yoluntu, ukutshiza, uvuza. Emva kokuhlalutya kubo, siyakwazi ukubona ukuba indlela ukudluliselwa zetoti-inhalatory luphawulwa zalapha ekhaya kwabo pathogen kwizigqeba zemiphunga.

Cya yosulela ngeendlela (iindlela) zilandelayo:

1. Emoyeni. Iarhente causative kwiwebhsayithi ngexesha ukukhohlela, uthimla, ukuthetha. Amathontsi yencindi eyosulelekileyo kungena kokusingqongileyo, uze umoya ongena umzimba usempilweni.
2. Ngu inhalation uthuli. Ngale ndlela transmission onempilo abosulelwe emva nokudla amasuntswana othuli emoyeni equlethe usulelo.

Imizekelo kwezifo kunye zetoti-transmission Indlela inhalatory

Umkhuhlane sisifo eqhelekileyo nature wentsholongwane egazini. Eyona indlela ugqithiso - emoyeni. Xa esi sifo sichaphazela iphecana eliphezulu zemiphunga. Xa intsholongwane kuya organizmzdorovogo yabantu, iimpawu ezifana ukudinwa, intloko ebuhlungu, ubuhlungu bemisipha. iqondo lobushushu emzimbeni liphuma. Emva kwexesha elithile, izigulana ezikhala kwingxinano ngeempumlo, umqala obuhlungu, ukhohlokhohlo owomileyo.

indlela yokudlulisa uthuli emoyeni kuba yinqobo nebomvu fever - A usuleleko streptococcal, punctate esibonakala irhashalala, umqala obuhlungu kunye iimpawu ukunxila. Xa isifo amagciwane kwazona isikhohlela nomonde yabantu, ubomvu. Zinyamezela kakhulu neemeko zokusingqongileyo. Oku kucacisa ithuba usulelo emoyeni nothuli.

transmission endleleni xa unenye ukubasulela

Inkqubo ukubasulela of ukudluliswa kwamagciwane yokuhlala eqhelekileyo umkhosi igazi. Xa umzimba usempilweni usulelo ongena arthropods (iintakumba, iintwala, iingcongconi, amakhalane, iimpukane). Zenethiwekhi zahlulwe ezithile kunye nonspecific. Iqela lokuqala luquka arthropods, eziqulathe izifo ezithile. Umzekelo, ezo zithwala ezithile seengcongconi ziingcongconi, yesifo - iintwala. Iqela lesibini liquka iimpukane ezithwele izifo ezihlasela zosulele isisu, icesina, ihepatitis A.

mechanism ukubasulela sinokusulela:

• anthroponoses (ichibi kunye umthombo usulelo kuphela umntu);
• Ezinokusulela (ichibi kunye nomthombo losulelo zezona zezilwanyana);
• anthropozoonosis (umthombo usulelo kunokuba zombini izilwanyana kunye nabantu).

Imizekelo izifo ukuba indlela yokudlulisela i

Enye izifo kumda wesangqa-sithwele - imalariya. It anroponoznoe sisifo esibangelwa lenyama ye sodidi yi Plasmodium. Magciwane zisulelane abagulayo abantu usempilweni ziingcongconi akwi sodidi bohlobo. Umnini olutsha esosulelayo kuphela xa igazi kuvela iintlobo ngesondo pathogen - gametocytes. Ngokomzekelo, xa seengcongconi emvula oko kwenzeka malunga ngeveki emva kokuqalisa parasitaemia kwaye kuyaqhubeka unyaka wonke.

Omnye umzekelo we sisifo kwendlela ukubasulela yokosulela - isibetho. Iarhente causative yi Yersinia pestis (igciwane esisigxina izinti ezimile). Umthombo losulelo indalo le iimpuku, kunye nophethe - intakumba. Ezi zinambuzane igazi-owanyayo emva kokutya igazi kwinkqubo yokwetyisa iqala ukuba phinda gciwane isibetho. Magciwane Ukuqokelela uzalise le mithambo tube yokwetyisa. Xa ukulunywa ezilandelayo zezilwanyana okanye abantu intakumba kwamagciwane ngumhlanzo nokubonelela ndlela nongcoliseko.

transduction indlela semvelo indlela bloodborne

indlela Bloodborne ukudluliswa uphawu izifo ezininzi: yintsholongwane, amagciwane, egazini, protozoan, olwaye lwamfimfitha. Magciwane ngenisa emzimbeni ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, kukho iindlela zilandelayo yokosulela:

• phezulu;
• parenteral;
• abohlukeneyo;
• ngesondo.

indlela nkqo yokosulela kungenxa kwii ka pathogen emzimbeni yosana olungekazalwa kulo mzimba umfazi emithi ngumkhaya. Kuba indlela parenteral iphawulwa ekuqhubeni iinkqubo zonyango. Ngokomzekelo, kwezinye iimeko, abantu bosulelwe kwi-ofisi yamazinyo, apho ugqirha isebenzisa izixhobo non-abawaziyo. Yotyando indlela udluliselo kuphunyezwa xa kuhlwayelwe nezibilini. izifo semvelo indlela yokugqibela ezosulela ngokwabelana ngesondo.

Ukongeza, kuyenzeka ukuba ukwaba usulelo indlela qha. Xa HIV kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa ukudibana ngqo kunye kwamagciwane nokusekwa umthombo phezu komhlaba ulusu kunye inwebu yangaphakathi (umz, ukhwekhwe)

isifo UMZEKELO ne yindlela bloodborne ukudluliselwa

ingxaki zonyango nezentlalo yangoku kukuba abantu abaninzi abazi okanye batyeshele iindlela ekudluliseni ezosulela ngesondo, azibhalwanga ikhuselwe ngexesha links random. Kungenxa yoko le nto STD kudla kakhulu axilonge kumagqirha.

Umzekelo i usulelo kunye indlela transmission bloodborne yi-HIV. Xa esi sifo sichaphazela kwamajoni omzimba. It ukusa phantsi de ukuyilwa of AIDS (ezifunyenwe immunodeficiency syndrome). Lwegciwane - yintsholongwane usapho Igciwane. Umthombo losulelo izenzo umntu ogulayo.

iindlela ezeSondo nkqo transmission ezisisiseko (zendalo) kule sifo. indlela yokwenziwa (parenteral kunye yotyando) nayo isetyenziswa ebonakalayo. Xa intsholongwane ongena kulo ngokusebenzisa kwesikhumba esisikekileyo okanye ngenwebu yangaphakathi kunye neenkqubo zonyango kunye zokuxilonga, ulawulo iziyobisi, iithathu ukusebenza kwiimeko nonsterile.

izifo nosocomial

Wabalasela ezi -ezifunyanwa esibhedlele usulelo (Hai). Le yingxaki enkulu kakhulu. Xa abantu ukubamba zizifo nosocomial kwi zokwamkelwa esibhedlele okanye bafuna unyango. izifo Nosocomial zibangela umonakalo omkhulu kwimpilo. Ukongeza, ukuba kwandiswe ixesha unyango kunye ehleli kwiziko lonyango, unobangela iingxaki, kwaye maxa wambi nkqu kukhokelela ekufeni.

Iindlela ukudluliselwa kwindawo yonyango ezahlukileyo. Iintsholongwane zingena emzimbeni kwabantu njengendlela yemvelo (enelindle-orali, kutshizwe kunye inhalatory) okanye eyenziweyo (ngexesha iinkqubo ezonakalisayo zonyango kunye diagnostic) ithetha. izifo Nosocomial kwenzeka kuphela ngenxa non-kugcinwe zococeko-azinantsholongwane kwaye anti-nobhubhane korhulumente, kodwa ngenxa ukuvela ezincinane emithini chemotherapeutic, imithi, kwaye imiba engentle yokusingqongileyo.

Xa ndiqukumbela, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba zonke izifo yinqobo iindlela ezithile (iindlela) ukudluliselwa zizifo. Ukwazi malunga nendlela kwenzeka usulelo, sinako ukuthintela ukwenzeka kwi izigulo ezithile (umzekelo, musa ukusebenzisa iimveliso ezimdaka, uphambuke ezintethweni ongathandani naye, kukhokela indlela yokuphila esempilweni kwaye ukuba ayeke ichiza).