I 'Beatles ": ngobomi kunye nemisebenzi (ifoto emileyo). Imbali The Beatles

"Beatles" iqela lenze igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso umculo rock waza waba into etsala ingqondo inkcubeko lehlabathi gqira zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Kweli nqaku siza kufunda nje imbali ukuvela i "Beatles". Biography of nxaxheba ngamnye emva kokuwa webutho edume ziya kuthathelwa ingqalelo nazo.

Ekuqaleni (1956-1960)

Xa kwakukho iqela "The Beatles"? Biography kanye umsebenzi umdla ezidityanelweyo izizukulwana lwabalandeli. Imbali yeqela yeziganeko Ungaqala lokusekwa musical akuthandayo nxaxheba.

Ngentwasahlobo yowama-1956 inkokeli yeqela yenkwenkwezi elizayo, uJohn Lennon kuqala ndeva enye yeengoma Elvis Presley. Kwaye le ngoma, nokwaphuka Hotel, wajika lonke ngobomi umntu oselula. Lennon wayedlala ibhanjo kunye harmonica, kodwa umculo entsha bamrholela ukuba ndiqalise ikatala.

Biography leqela "The Beatles" in Russian sisoloko sivela neqela lokuqala, ahlelwe yi Lennon. Nabahlobo esikolweni, wadala iqela "Kuorrimen", ogama lakhe behlonipha yesikolo sabo. Elivisayo ukudlala skiffle, kukho uhlobo rock engahlawulwayo British 'n' roll.

Kwenye emiboniso kunye neqela Lennon wadibana Jesse, ngubani kumangaliswa ulwazi mfo Isingqi lweengoma ezintsha kunye nophuhliso aphezulu zomculo. Kwaye entwasahlobo ka-1958 kwangena Dzhordzh Harrison, umhlobo uPawulos. Emnye waba esiyintsika yale qela. Bacelwa ukuba badlale amaqela kunye nemitshato, kodwa zange weza kwezi Ikonsathi.

Ngenxa yeempembelelo yi mzekelo oovulindlela yeliwa roll, Eddi Kokrana kunye Baddi Holli, uPawulos noYohane baye bagqiba ukubhala iingoma ukudlala isiginci. kwizicatshulwa babhala elinababini, wabanika negunya kabini.

Ngowe-1959, eli qela kukho ilungu elitsha - Styuart Satkliff, boyfriend Lennon kaThixo. kwasekwa iqela phantse: Sutcliffe (bass isiginkci), Harrison (elikhokelayo isiginkci), mccartney (vocals, isiginkci, ipiyano), Lennon (vocals, isingqi isiginkci). Engenaso kuphela obetha.

igama

Ngokufutshane "The Beatles" iqela ukuxelela nzima, iyazigatya nkqu imbali isenzeko igama enjalo elula elifutshane qela. Xa iqela waqala ukwakhiwa kubomi ikhonsati isixeko zakowabo, wathabatha igama elitsha, kuba esikolweni sele waba ulwalamano. Ukongeza, iqela waqalisa ukwenza kwimiboniso eyahlukeneyo italente.

Ngokomzekelo, iqela wayedlala phantsi kwegama Johnny kunye Moondogs ( «Johnny kunye neNyanga Dogs") for 1959 TV show konyaka. Igama The Beatles Kwabonakala kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kamva, ngo-1960. Ngubani kanye owavela kuyo, akwaziwa, mhlawumbi, Sutcliffe kunye Lennon, awayeza ilizwi kunye neentsingiselo ezininzi.

Yokubiza igama iyalila amabhungane, okt amabhungane. Kwaye xa ubhala ebonakalayo ingcambu yenzakeleyo - njenge bit-umculo, fashion trend rock-and-roll, ezivele kule 1960. Noko ke, Abakhuthazi babecinga ukuba eli gama ayikho anomtsalane kunye elifutshane kakhulu, ngoko ke abafana kwimifanekiso ukuba igama njengoko Long noYohane Isilivere Ooqongqothwane ( "Long noYohane iSilver Ooqongqothwane").

Hamburg (1960-1962)

Ukuyazi iimvumi wakhula, kodwa nje ke omnye eentsontelo ezininzi kwidolophu. Biography leqela "The Beatles", isishwankathelo apho uqale ukuyifunda uyaqhubeka ihamba band e Hamburg.

Iimvumi Young esandleni yaba kukuba iiklabhu ezininzi eHamburg kwakufuneka amaqela IsiNgesi abathetha, kunye namaqela ezininzi ukusuka Liverpool Tobacco kakuhle. Ngehlobo lowe-1960 iiBeatles wafumana isimemo ukuza Hamburg. emsebenzini Oku, ngoko ke abacula kwafuneka ukukhangela ngokukhawuleza obetha. Ngoko kwi qela wabonakala uPete Best.

Ikonsathi lokuqala senzeka ngosuku olulandelayo lokufika. Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa band mfanelo izakhono zabo amaqela ka Hamburg. Baye ixesha elide ukudlala umculo iindlela ezahlukeneyo kunye neentlobo - rock 'n' roll, asa, isingqisho kunye asa, pop kwaye acule iingoma zomculo womthonyama. Sinokuthi ukuba iinkalo ezininzi kubulelwe amava azuzwe Hamburg waza wathabatha iqela "The Beatles." Iqela Biography onamava isifingo yayo.

Kwiminyaka nje emibini iiBeatles e Hamburg wanikela malunga 800 iikonsathi wamvusa inqanaba lwezakhono ukusuka engahlawulwayo professional. "The Beatles" angawagcinanga iingoma zabo, bagxile zililo abantu abasebenza ezaziwayo-kakuhle.

E Hamburg, lo band wadibana kunye nabafundi beekholeji ubuciko bendawo. Omnye wabafundi, Astrid Kircher, saqala uthandana Sutcliffe yaye bathathe inxaxheba kubomi qela. Le ntombazana banikela guys a iinwele omtsha - echazwayo phezu ebunzi neendlebe, iinwele, kunye iibhatyi kamva ngqo ngaphandle lapels ntsimbi namacici.

Ukubuyela Liverpool, iiBeatles kwakungekho abathandi elide, baba phakathi ezininzi amaqela ezithandwayo. Kungelo xesha ke wadibana Ringo Starr, obetha iqela imbangi.

Emva kokubuyela eHamburg yabamba iqela lokuqala zobungcali lokurekhoda. Iimvumi bahamba iliwa 'n' roll umculi uTony Sheridan. Kwaye ke abacula ezirekhodiweyo eziliqela iingoma zakhe. Ngeli xesha, lo gama Abazalwana Beat ( "Beat Abazalwana"), endaweni "The Beatles".

Biography short Sutcliffe waqhubeka ephumayo ukusuka band. Emva kokugqitywa hambo, abavumanga ukubuya Liverpool waza wagqiba ekubeni sihlale kunye nentombi yakhe Hamburg. Emva konyaka Sutcliffe wabulawa legazi ebuchotsheni.

Impumelelo lokuqala (1962-1963)

Le band babuyela eNgilani waza abaqhuba ngayo kwiiklabhu e Liverpool. July 27, 1961, ikonsathi yokuqala enkulu eholweni, loonto iye yaba yimpumelelo enkulu. NgoNovemba, lo band wabonakala uMphathi - Brayan Epshteyn.

Wayedibana George Martin, umvelisi kwelebhile enkulu, owabonisa umdla band. demo, yena wayengekho banelisekile, kodwa ke abantu abaselula ubomi bakhe kukhafula. Le mvumelwano yokuqala sisayinwe.

Noko ke, umvelisi kunye ngumphathi qela aneliseke uPete Best. Ayekholelwa ukuba akazange ncam aphile ukuya kwinqanaba jikelele, koko, le mvumi wala ukwenza iinwele sokuthengisa, ukuba bagcine indlela iyonke eli qela, kwaye usoloko uphikisana kunye nabanye abathathi-nxaxheba. Nangona isibakala sokuba Best yayithandwa kunye nabalandeli, kwagqitywa indawo yawo. Obetha Ringo Starr wathatha.

Okuphoxayo kukuba, kwaba kunye obetha, iqela babhala eyabo irekhodi yazo e Hamburg ngeendleko engahlawulwayo. Behamba bejikeleza emizini, abafana wadibana Ringo (uPete Best wayengekho kunye nabo), waza waya kwenye lesitalato-nkqubo osestudiyo ukurekhoda amaculo ambalwa nje for fun.

NgoSeptemba 1962 i-band babhala single yabo yokuqala - Love Me Ingaba, eyaba ethandwa kakhulu. A indima enkulu apha wadlala iqhinga kunye nomphathi - Epstein ngeendleko zabo bathenga iingxelo ishumi lamawaka kunokuba ngokunyuka kwezinto ezithengwayo kwaye zatsala umdla.

Ngo-Oktobha, ukusebenza yokuqala TV - ndisasaze ekhonsathini Manchester. Kungekudala, lo single yesibini kwakubhalwe Nceda endikuthandayo, yaye ngoFebruwari 1963 albhamu self-osihloko wabhalwa iiyure ezili-13, eziquka iinguqulelo inshorensi iingoma ezithandwayo kunye nokwenziwa yakhe. NgoNovemba ka nyaka siye ndaqalisa ukuthengisa album yesibini, With The Beatles.

Yaqala phantsi ke into ixesha ethandwayo elikhulu, ewatyhutyhile iqela "The Beatles." Biography, imbali emfutshane iqela mfundi, yaphela. Iqala ibali band kaHomer.

Birthday elithi "Beatlemania" Unoyolo ithathwa-Oktobha 13, 1963 e-London, kwiHolo mbala, ikhonsati iqela, leyo nolwaasasazwa lonke elo lizwe. Kodwa amawaka abalandeli bakhetha bangqonge kwiholo ekhonsathini, wayethembe ukubona iimvumi. Beatles kwafuneka baphindela emotweni ngoncedo yamapolisa.

Ukuphakama "Beatlemania" (1963-1964)

Ku Britain, lo abacula waba ithandwa enkulu, kodwa America bakhululwa singles le band bakaThixo, kuba ngokuqhelekileyo iqela IsiNgesi akazange abe nempumelelo enkulu. Umphathi unako ukugqiba isivumelwano nenkampani encinane, kodwa amacwecwe azabonakala.

Njani ukuba bafumane big eqongeni iqela American "The Beatles"? Biography (short) uxelela iqela bonke kwatshintsha xa umculo mhlalutyi ezaziwayo-kakuhle kwiphephandaba waliphulaphula single Ndiyathanda Bamba isandla sakho, sele ethandwa kakhulu eNgilani, neemvumi ngokuba "abaqambi mkhulu emva nguBeethoven." Kwinyanga elandelayo, le band waba encotsheni ngeetshathi.

"Beatlemania" bawelela kolwandle. In kutyelelo iqela lokuqala ukuya eMelika amawaka ambalwa abalandeli iimvumi adibana kwisikhululo seenqwelo-moya. "The Beatles" banikwa iikonsathi 3 ezinkulu lwenziwa TV ibonisa. Baye bemlalele yonke of America.

Ngo March 1964 lo abacula waqalisa ukwenza albhamu entsha, Night A Day Hard kunye musical umboniso eponymous. Wavela single Ayikwazi Thenga Me Love / Awunakuyenza loo iseti irekhodi yehlabathi kule nyanga ukuze izicelo eziphambili.

Agasti 19, 1964 Ukukhatywa kwebhola ukhenketho ngokupheleleyo North America. Le band wanika ikonsathi 31 kwizixeko ezingama-24. ekuqaleni kwacetywa ukutyelela izixeko-23, kodwa umnini club yomnyazi evela iimvumi Casas City wanikela 150 lamawaka eerandi ikonsathi isiqingatha seyure-(idla lomculo bafumana amawaka 25-30).

Tours zazinzima abaculi. Ukuba entolongweni, ingadibani ngokupheleleyo ezivela ngaphandle. Indawo apho iiBeatles bahlala, ungqingwe imikhosi abalandeli imini nobusuku, wayethembe ukubona izithixo.

iiholo Concert baba omkhulu, izixhobo ophantsi ezikumgangatho. Iimvumi musa ukuva omnye komnye, yaye bona, ngokufuthi lithotywe, kodwa abaphulaphuli abaziva kwaye phantse akazange abone nantoni na, njengoko iqonga ukuze ufake ngokukhuselekileyo kude kakhulu. Kwafuneka ukuba benze inkqubo ecacileyo, akukho apho improvisation kunye amalinge oliliso ayikwazanga kuqwalaselwa.

Izolo walahlekelwa nokurekhodisha (1964-1965)

Emva kokubuyela London, umsebenzi waqalisa phezu iiBeatles album Sale, olu sapho lwaluquka iingoma waboleka kunye naleyo. Kwiveki emva kokupapashwa kwakhe lenyuka laya kutsho phezulu ngeetshathi.

NgoJulayi 1965 zalenza movie yesibini Help!, Yaye ngoAgasti, kwelicwecwe kwegama elifanayo. Kungenxa kule albhamu yaba yeyona ngoma adumileyo iqela Izolo, elisuke laba classic umculo othandwayo. Namhlanje kukho ngaphezu kwamawaka amabini utoliko zithako.

Umbhali uncuthu yodumo Pol Makkartni. Yena wawumanya umculo ekuqaleni konyaka, eli gama kamva. A ukwakheka wabiza begilana Iqanda, ukususela ukubhala ngayo, ngokucula iqanda begilana, ukuthanda kwam iqanda begilana ... ( "amaqanda begilana, njengoko ndikuthandayo amaqanda begilana"). Yabhalwa ingoma kunye abacula umtya ukusuka band ngexesha elinye nje uPawulos.

Xa hambo lwesibini American, eyaqaliswa ngo-Agasti, isiganeko kuyabathwaxa abangabathandi umculo ehlabathini lonke. Yintoni Eli qela "The Beatles"? Biography ngokufutshane uchaza iimvumi watyelela kulala Elvis Presley. Iinkwenkwezi bathetha nje kuphela, kodwa wadlala amaculo ambalwa, abebalwa kwi tape.

Ukurekhoda iye zange ishicilelwe, yaye ukuba wayephi babo babe ngabo abalawula umculo evela ehlabathini lonke. Ixabiso kwezi rekhodi akunakwenzeka ukuba ukuqikelela namhlanje.

Umkhomba-ndlela ezintsha (1965-1966)

Ngowe-1965, eqongeni enkulu kweza ezininzi zamaqela zikhuphisana "The Beatles". Eli qela waqala ukwenza albhamu entsha zerabha Soul. Le albhamu kwaphawula kwixesha elitsha umculo eweni. Iingoma yaqala ukubonakala izinto ze kwemiYalezo nobugqi, "The Beatles 'ukuba kukho iqela.

Ngobomi bomntu (short) iyasixelela ukuba ngaxeshanye ngeenxa zonke iimvumi baqalisa ukuya kuvela hlakalo. NgoJulayi 1966, iqela bashiya ukwamkelwa ngokusemthethweni, nto leyo ebangele ungquzulwano ne-Lady Lokuqala. Ezimbi le ngongoma abakwiiPhilippines phantse yaphuka iimvumi, kwafuneka ukuba ngokoqobo lam. umlawuli Tour kakubi kubethwa abacula kuzo baze phantse uyaphuma ukuya moya.

Kwihlazo enkulu yesibini kwaqhambuka xa Dzhon Lennon kolunye udliwano-ndlebe bathi ubuKristu iyafa, kwaye iiBeatles zithandwa ngakumbi kunokuba uYesu ngoku. uqhankqalazo US kwaqhambuka, eli qela watshisa nembasa. Inkokeli yeqela phantsi koxinzelelo uxolo ngenxa yamazwi akhe.

Nangona ezinkathazweni, ngowe-1966 kwafika album ivolovolo, enye albhamu best of the band. osemqoka ezahlukileyo kukuba iingoma zenziwa nzima yaye akazange alindele ukusebenza bukhona. Ngoku, "The Beatles" baba studio band. Omakhanywa yi yokuhambela, lo band wala umsebenzi ekonsathini. Kulo nyaka badlula Ikonsathi yokugqibela. Umculo abahlalutyi ebizwa album brilliant and babeqinisekile ukuba abacula akayi kuba nako ukuyila into obufezekileyo.

Noko ke, olunye Strawberry Fields Ngonaphakade / Penny Lane sabhalwa ekuqaleni 1967. Ukurekhoda le rekhodi yathatha iintsuku 129 (xa kuthelekiswa ne-iiyure ezingama-13 ukurekhodwa yelicwecwe yokuqala), le studio wasebenza ngokoqobo imini nobusuku. Le owodwa entsonkothileyo kakhulu musically yaye impumelelo enkulu, waba phezu ngeetshathi kwiiveki 88.

White Album (1967-1968)

Ngowe-1967, ukusebenza "The Beatles" nolwaasasazwa ehlabathini lonke. Yena wabona abantu million 400. Oko kwabhalwa inguqulelo TV le ngoma All You Need Is Love. Emva eli qela ishishini uloyiso waya ukwehla. Indima edlalwa kule kwaye ukufa "yesihlanu Beatle", umphathi iqela nguBrian Epstein, ngenxa yokuba i libanda of ipilisi zokulala. Wayeneminyaka 32 kuphela Epstein yaba ilungu ebalulekileyo band "The Beatles". Biography leqela emva kokufa kwakhe, lenze iinguqulelo ezinkulu.

Iqela lokuqala lafumana ingxelo yokuqala ezimbi malunga umboniso Mystery omtsha Imilingo Tour. amabango abaninzi kubangelwa yinto yokuba tape kukhutshwa kuphela umbala, ngoxa abantu abaninzi baba iiseti zikamabonwakude omnyama nomhlophe kuphela. Soundtrack ngesi ngokohlobo i mini-albhamu.

Ngowe-1968, ukuze kukhululwe albhamu, Apple waphendula, ngoko wathi iqela "The Beatles", ibhayografi waqhubeka. NgoJanuwari 1969 wakhululwa ikhathuni «Yellow inkwili» kunye ingoma kuyo. Ngo August - eyodwa Hey UYuda, omnye ezona kwimbali qela. Albhamu asinde edumileyo The Beatles, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-White Album ngcono ngo-1968. Yena wabelithiyiwe kuba njengekhephu-ezimhlophe inshorensi wakhe, kunye print olula isihloko. Fans bathatha kakuhle oko, kodwa abanye bakunanzile khange ukwabelana.

Le albhamu kwaphawula ukuqala kokuwa band ngayo. Ringo Starr ndilishiyile iqela lam lomculo okwethutyana, amaculo ambalwa zarekhodwa ngaphandle kwayo. Mccartney wayedlala igubu. Harrison yayixakekile umsebenzi wedwa. Le meko zaziba ngenxa umfazi kaYohane Lennon, Yoko Ono, owayekho studio rhoqo kwaye umyalelo ndamcaphukisa amalungu eqela.

Lokubola (1969-1970)

Ebutsheni bowe-1969, neemvumi kwafuneka ezininzi izicwangciso. Babesiya ukumkhulula icwecwe, ifilim ebalisa ngomsebenzi wabo istudiyo, kunye nencwadi. Pol Makkartni wabhala ingoma Fumana Back ( "Buyani"), awamnika igama layo yonke le projekthi. "Beatles" band biography eqala kunjalo ovele, esondela ekungafuneki.

Amalungu band wayefuna ukubonakalisa umoya mnandi kunye sikweni ezazikho kwi midlalo Hamburg, kodwa oko akuzange kuncede. Ibhalwe ezininzi iingoma, kodwa wakhetha ezintlanu kuphela, iyaqhutywa omninzi bevidiyo. irekhodi Last bekufanele ukuba zokudubula kwikonsathi uchaze eluphahleni a studio yokurekhoda. Yena waphazanyiswa kwamapolisa, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba abahlali bendawo. Le ikhonsathi ukusebenza yokugqibela qela.

Februwari 3, 1969 kweli qela kukho umphathi omtsha, Allen Klein. Mccartney waba ngamandla nxamnye, kuba ndandicinga ukuba umviwa ilungileyo le ndima iya kuba nguyise wakhe, Dzhon Istmen. UPawulos waqalisa inkqubo ezomthetho namanye amalungu eqela. Ngenxa yoko, iqela "The Beatles", ogama engobomi ichazwe kweli nqaku, waqalisa ukuba ungquzulwano kakhulu.

Umsebenzi kwi projekthi yebhongo kuyekwa, kodwa band kunjalo akhululwe Abbey Road album, nkqubo leyo iquka sisincoko okuqaqambileyo ngu George Harrison Into. Imvumi ixesha elide asebenza kuyo, kwabhalwa 40 iinguqulelo zigqityiwe. Iingoma ngebande elinye kunye Izolo.

KaJanuwari 8, 1970 wakhupha icwecwe yabo yokugqibela Vuma, umvelisi processed American Filom Spektorom Izinto ayiphumelelanga projekthi Fumana Buyela. May 20 documentary film yakhululwa malunga eli qela, ngelo xesha iphambili sele inciphisiwe. Yaphela kanjalo i "Beatles" biography. Xa isihloko Russian ifilimu iyalila "Makube njalo. '

Emva kokuwa. Dzhon Lennon

Ixesha of "The Beatles". Biography of nxaxheba siyaqhubeka iiprojekthi solo. Ngexesha ekuweni iqela, onke amalungu baye benza umsebenzi ngokuzimeleyo. Ngowe-1968, kwiminyaka emibini phambi kokuba ukuwa, Dzhon Lennon wakhupha kunye nomfazi wakhe Yoko Ono albhamu. Oko kwabhalwa ngabusuku bunye yaye kwangaxeshanye iqulathe akukho umculo, yaye Ukuseta izandi ezahlukeneyo, ingxolo, ukumemeza. Ukuqweqwe umfazi wakhe uvele benganxibanga. Ngowe-1969 elandelwa macwecwe ngaphezulu amabini nangendlela efanayo, nokurekhodwa ubomi. Ukususela th 70 ukuya th 75 albums kunyaka-4 umculo akhululwa. Emva ukuba yimvumi uyekile ukuvela esidlangalaleni, nikela yena ukukhulisa unyana wakhe.

Ngowe-1980, Lennon wakhutshwa icwecwe lokugqibela Double Fantasy, yafunyanwa kakuhle abagxeki. Kwiiveki ezimbalwa emva kokukhululwa album yakhe, December 8, 1980, Dzhon Lennon wabulawa ngu Mark David Chapman kuqhume ezimbalwa phaya emva. Ngowe-1984 Ndabona ukukhululwa Ubisi albhamu Kubala Honey umculo.

Emva kokuwa. pol Makkartni

Emva mccartney washiya i "Beatles", biography of mvumi Ndizuze twist entsha. Yaphula kunye neqela ezichaphazelekayo kakhulu mccartney. Ekuqaleni, umhlala kwifama ekude, apho ehlelwe kukudakumba, kodwa ngoMatshi 1970 wabuyela kwezixhobo album solo, mccartney, waza wakhululwa kungekudala, kwaye eyesibini - Ram.

Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle band uPawulos wayeziva engakhuselekanga. Esehlela iqela Amaphiko, eziquka umfazi wakhe uLinda. Eli qela yayikhona kuze 1980 kwaye likhuphe albhamu 7. Njengenxalenye umsebenzi wakhe solo, le mvumi likhuphe albhamu-19, owokugqibela oqale ngo-2013.

Emva kokuwa. Dzhordzh Harrison

Dzhordzh Harrison phambi ngokuwa "Beatles" yakhululwa 2 solo albhamu - Wonderwall Umculo ngo-1968, yaye Sound Electronic ngowe-1969 Ezi plates iyahlolwa kwaye yaphumelela kangako. Le album wesithathu, Zonke Izinto mabapase, iquka iingoma ezibhaliweyo ngexesha 'Beatles "bangafunwa namanye amalungu eqela. Le solo album iyimpumelelo le mvumi.

Xa wonke umsebenzi uwedwa, emva Harrison washiya i "Beatles", biography of mvumi iye yacebisa albhamu 12 singles-20. Waye okuzibandakanya yesisa wenze igalelo elibalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni Indian umculo yaye wathabatha Hinduism. Harrison wafa ngo-2001, ngomhla we-29 kuNovemba.

Emva kokuwa. Ringo Starr

album Ringo kaThixo solo, waqalisa umsebenzi apho emva kwi "Beatles" yakhululwa ngowe-1970, kodwa yavotelwa ukusilela. Kamva, Noko ke, wakha albhamu ngempumelelo ngakumbi, ikakhulu ngenxa intsebenziswano kunye George Harrison. imvumi Total likhuphe 18 albhamu studio kunye ezirekhodiweyo eziliqela ubomi kunye ehlanganiswe. Le album yokugqibela kukhutshwa ngo-2015.