HDD: lo mgaqo ukusebenza kunye neempawu eziphambili

hard drive, okanye, njengoko ibizwa, drives hard ungomnye yeendima ezibalulekileyo inkqubo yekhompyutha. Malunga wonke umntu uyayazi loo nto. Kodwa oku umsebenzisi mihla naxa lwesimo umgaqo malunga nendlela hard drive. Umgaqo ukusebenza, ngokubanzi, ukuba nolwazi olusisiseko kakhulu ilula, kodwa kukho ezinye bokuqonda, nto leyo kuza kuxoxwa.

indawo imibuzo kunye nokwahlulwa nzima drives?

Umbuzo yendawo, Kakade ke, buciko. Nabani na, nokuba ezininzi entry-level, kwangoko baphendula ukuba hard drive (eyaziwa njenge diski enzima, aka Hard Drive okanye HDD) kwangoko baphendula ukuba esetyenziselwa ukugcina ulwazi.

Ngokubanzi, okwenyaniso. Musa ukulibala ukuba kwi-hard drive, ngaphandle kwinkqubo yokusebenza neefayile umsebenzisi ziyenziwa yi kumacandelo inkqubo yokusebenza lendlela yokuqalelisa ikhompyutha, ngenxa apho uya kuqalisa, kwakunye amaphawu apho disk ngokukhawuleza ukufumana ulwazi olufunayo.

imifuziselo yangoku abasakwazi ezahlukeneyo: zesiqhelo i HDD, lwangaphandle nzima drives,-ngesantya esiphezulu eqinileyo-karhulumente SSD drives, nangona kubalelwa kwi nzima drives kwaye kwamkelwa. Kucetywa kwakhona ukuqwalasela ifowuni kunye HDD operation siseko, ukuba ayikho ngokupheleleyo ngoko lo kwangayo yona le, oko kwanele ukuba ukuqonda isigama esisiseko kunye neenkqubo.

Nceda uqaphele ukuba kukho kudidi okhethekileyo HDD yanamhlanje kwezinye iindlela ezisisiseko, zezi zilandelayo phakathi kwayo:

• indlela yokugcina ulwazi;
• Uhlobo lwemidiya;
• indlela zihlanganise ukufikelela kulwazi.

Kutheni i hard drive kuthiwa hard drive?

Namhlanje, abantu abaninzi bacinga ngokuba kutheni drives nzima ngokuba disks kunzima nokuba ilungu ezingalweni amancinci. Bekuya kubonakala khona ukuba kubekho ukufana phakathi kwefowuni?

Igama elithi wabonakala kwakude kudala-1973, xa imarike wabonakala kuqala kwihlabathi HDD, ukwakhiwa sapho lwaluquka lamagumbi ezimbini ezahlukeneyo kwinkonkxa moya. Umthamo gumbi ngamnye 30 MB, nto leyo esisizathu sokuba iinjineli ziye banikwa igama ikhowudi idiskhi "30-30", nto leyo ngokupheleleyo nenkcubeko uhlobo ethandwayo ngexesha nompu "Winchester, 30-30". Noko ke, kule 90 eMelika naseYurophu bokuqala ligama phantse waphuma ukusetyenziswa, kodwa usathandwa kwisithuba post-eSoviet.

Icebo kunye HDD operation siseko

Kodwa digress. HDD operation umgaqo ingashwankathelwa ngale inkqubo ukufunda okanye ukubhala. Kodwa kwenzeka njani oku? Ukuze siqonde nokusebenza magnetic hard diski, kufuneka kuqala ukuze bafunde ukuba isebenza njani.

I-hard drive ngokwayo isethi amacwecwe, inani apho ingahluka ezine ukuya ezilithoba amaqhina oqhagamshelwano yi umngxuma (asi), ebizwa osimelela ngentonga. Iipleyiti zibekwe enye ngezantsi enye ngasentla. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ngenxa yezandla zabo zokufunda-aluminiyamu, ixina, iiseramikhi, iglasi kunye ezifana. D. la ipleyiti abe ukutyabeka eyodwa kazibuthe izinto ekuthiwa ngesitya, ngokusekelwe oxide gamma ferrite, chromium oxide, barium ferrite kunye t. D . plate ubukhulu ngalinye malunga-2 mm.

Ukurekhoda ukufunda ulwazi bayangqinelana intloko iphiramidi (enye ipleyiti ngalinye) kunye amacwecwe ezisetyenziswa kuzo zombini iindawo. Ngexesha ujikelezo yokuluka, isantya nto leyo inokuthabatha ithuba 3600 ukuya 7200 ISityhi. / Min, yaye bafudukela iintloko ekwafanekisa Motors ezimbini zombane.

Kulo mzekelo, umgaqo esisiseko ikhompyutha hard disk kukuba ulwazi oluthile lurekhodwa ayikho naphi, kodwa kwindawo ekhankanyiweyo ngqo, ekuthiwa amacandelo, apho ibekwe imikhondo concentric okanye amaculo. Ukunqanda uphazamiseko, asebenzise imithetho efanayo. Kukho imbono yokuba imigaqo nzima drives ngokwemiqathango yesakhiwo ubhalo, jikelele. Umzekelo, ubukhulu kwicandelo mnye, kuba umgangatho enobunye yamkelwa ehlabathini lonke, kuba 512 bytes. amacandelo zahlulwe ngokwamaqela, ezo ulandelelwano kwinani lamacandelo na yena. Yaye ingakumbi disk hard umgaqo yokusebenza ngokunxulumene oku kukuba ngokutshintshiselana ngolwazi kunye amaqela yonke nje wenza (amacandelo elipheleleyo imixokelelwane).

Kodwa njani kufundwa ulwazi? drive imisebenzi: idiski nzima ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: Ukusebenzisa intloko eyodwa yokufunda isibiyeli kwi osondela ebabusisakha (helical) ulwalathiso kwingoma oyifunayo kunye nawo ibekwe phezu kwicandelo elinikiweyo, zonke iintloko inga siwa ngaxeshanye ngokufunda ulwazi olufanayo nje kuphela tracks ezahlukeneyo kodwa IiCD ezahlukeneyo (ezisicaba). Yonke imizila kunye amanani ezifanayo lolandelelwano kuthiwa isayizi.

Kuyenzeka ukuba ukhethe omnye umgaqo yokusebenza ye diski: intloko ukufunda kufutshane kumphezulu magnetic (kodwa akazukuyibamba), kungona mninzi ukurekhoda.

Njani na ukubhala nokufunda lolwazi?

hard drive, okanye drives nzima, ngoko ke ziye ibizwa ngemagnethi ukuba basebenzise imithetho ubutsalane physics, owasungulwa Faraday ne Maxwell.

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, ngokuba ngamacwecwe nemagnitochuvstvitelnogo izinto ukutyabeka magnetic olusetyenziswa nokulingana nobubanzi micrometers ezimbalwa. Xa umsebenzi, intsimi ngemagnethi kokuba ebizwa ngokuba yi-isakhiwo ithambeka.

A domain Imagnethi i lingqongwe ngokungqongqo imida kummandla magnetized ferroalloy. Further HDD operation isimiso ingashwankathelwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: xa kuthe kukho mhlaba otsalayo yangaphandle, i drive intsimi efanelekileyo iqalisa ukuba bakhokelwe ncam ecaleni imigca Imagnethi yomhlaba kunye nokupheliswa impembelelo idiski kuvela kwindawo remanence apho ulwazi olugcinwe ngaphambili eziqulathwe endle engundoqo .

Kuba kwasekudalweni esigangeni lwangaphandle unoxanduva emazishicilelwe entloko ukufunda, kwaye ukufunda zone remanence, ukuba malungana entloko kudala amandla electromotive okanye EMF. Ke yonke into ilula: ukutshintsha i-EMF ingqamana okubini mnye, kunye nokungabikho okanye kumiwe - zero. Ixesha utshintsho EMF ekuthiwa bit cell.

Ngaphezu koko, umphezulu kazibuthe izizathu kuphela yokwazisa zingahlanganiswa, njengokuba uhlobo indawo amasuntswana ulandelelwano data. Noko ke, ekubeni indawo kwezi ngongoma akunakwenzeka ngokupheleleyo ukubala ngokuchanekileyo, kwi drive ofuna ukufaka ezinye uhlobo label pre-elikhankanyiweyo owanceda ukuchaza indawo oyifunayo. Ukudalwa iileyibheli kuthiwa ufomato (malunga disk yahlula ibe kwimizila kunye namacandelo, ahlelwe).

Isakhiwo ubhalo kunye isimiso ukusebenza kwe-hard drive ngokwemiqathango yokufomatha

Ngokuphathelele kule mibutho HDD ubhalo apha kwindawo yokuqala kukho ukufomathwa, apho kukho iindidi ezimbini eziphambili: a elisezantsi-level (wokwenene) kunye nomgangatho ophezulu (logic). Ngaphandle kwezi zinto, ekuziseni nayiphi hard drive ukuya likarhulumente ukusebenza andikwazi ukuthetha. Ukuze ufumane inkcazelo ngendlela yokubalisa indlela hard drive entsha, kuya kuxoxwa ngokwahlukeneyo.

ukufometha inqanaba elisezantsi kufuna nefuthe ebonakalayo phezu komhlaba HDD, apho kumacandelo ibekwe kwimizila. Loo nto inika umdla umgaqo-hard drive yi abanjalo ukuba icandelo ngalinye udale idilesi yaso eyodwa, equka inombolo kwicandelo kanye, umkhondo inombolo, apho emi kuyo, kunye nenombolo nembasa. Ngoko ke, lo mbutho we ufikelelo ngqo kwimemori efanayo sijongene ngqo evela kwidilesi enikiweyo, kunokuba efuna ulwazi ngaphesheya kwamanzi, ngenxa apho isantya iyazalisekiswa (nangona ayonto ibalulekileyo). Qaphela ukuba xa ufomato-kwinqanaba elisezantsi isuswa ngokupheleleyo lonke ulwazi akanakuba awubuyisele kwiimeko ezininzi.

Enye into - ngendlela enengqiqo (kwiinkqubo-based Windows yifomati msinya okanye format Quick). Ngaphezu koko, ezi nkqubo esebenzayo ekudalweni izahlulelo ubhalo emele indawo ethile ephambili disk nzima esebenzela ngemigaqo efanayo.

ukufometha acwangciswe kakhulu echaphazela nkqubo kummandla, nto leyo iquka icandelo lendlela yokuqalelisa ikhompyutha kunye itheyibhile ulwahlulwa (ushicilelo lwesiqalo esisiso MBR), itafile ulwabiwo lwefayile (FAT, NTFS, njalo njalo. D.) Yaye dayirekthti (Root Directory).

ulwazi Ukurekhodwa kumacandelo yesihloko senziwa iinxalenye eziliqela, apho kwi iklasta umntu akakwazi ukuqulatha izinto ezimbini twatse (iifayile). Eneneni, ukudalwa kwagxunyekwa ubhalo, njengoko esahlula ukusuka ulwahlulo kwinkqubo ephambili, kangangokuba ulwazi egcinwe kuyo, ukuba kukho iimpazamo neentsilelo ukutshintsha okanye ukususwa ayiphazamiseki.

iimpawu eziphambili HDD

Ndiyacinga, xa jikelele HDD operation siseko kancinane yakuqonda. Ngoku kuziguqulela iimpawu eziphambili, enika umfanekiso opheleleyo onke amathuba (okanye nezingalunganga) of nzima drives mihla.

Umgaqo ye DOS kwaye eziphambili iimpawu nzima inokuba nomahluko kakhulu. Ukuze uqonde ukuba yintoni na busengozini, thina ukhethe lisisiseko parameters okuluphawu zonke ezaziwayo umhla ilondoloza ulwazi:

• umthamo (umthamo);
• komsebenzi (data ukufunda isantya ukufikelela kunye nokubhala nolwazi);
• isinxulumanisi (indlela uxhulumaniso, uhlobo isilawuli).

Umthamo isixa-mali sisonke lolwazi mayirekhodwe kwaye zigcinwe kwi-hard drive. ishishini lemveliso HDD ikhula ngokukhawuleza kangangokuba namhlanje eye wangena ukusetyenziswa nzima disks imiqulu zomyalelo 2 TB okanye ngaphezulu. Ke kaloku, njengokuba kubhaliwe bakholwa oku kumda.

Aplikheyishini yokwenziwa kwemiYalezo - iimpawu ebonakalayo. Le ichaza ukuba izakuba ngowuphi indlela ifowuni idityaniswe kule motherboard, leyo isilawuli olusetyenziswa ukufunda nokubhala kuliwa, njalo njalo. D. ujongano ezinkulu ixhaphakileyo ingqalelo IDE, wada wabiliswa uphela kunye SCSI.

Angaphandle kunye IDE-interface zamaxabiso aphantsi ezahlukeneyo, Noko ke, phakathi neengxaki ezinkulu uyakwazi ukwahlula inani eliqingqiweyo kwezixhobo ngaxeshanye elidityaniswe (ubuninzi ezine) kunye izinga data ephantsi (nkqu ngenkxaso ufikelelo ngqo kwimemori DMA Ultra okanye iprotocol ATA Ultra (Mode 2 Nendlela 4). Nangona kukholelwa ukusetyenziswa yabo ukunyusa umgangatho efundiweyo / ubhale isantya 16 Mb / s, kodwa isantya usezantsi kakhulu ngokwenyani. ukongeza, ukuba imo UDMA kufuna ufakelo abaqhubi ezizodwa, apho ngethiyori, kufuneka kunikwa le motherboard.

Ukuthetha ngento umgaqo-hard drive kunye neempawu, awukwazi ngoyaba wada wabiliswa uphela interface, nto leyo uguqulelo ezihlangwini iSebe IDE ATA. Abaxhamla kule bugcisa kukuba efundiweyo / ubhale isantya angandiswa ku 100 Mb / s ngokusetyenziswa kwe-high speed ibhasi Fireware IEEE-1394.

Ekugqibeleni, SCSI interface xa kuthelekiswa nezimbini zethuba langaphambili yeyona bhetyebhetye aphezulu-speed (funda / bhala isantya ukuya 160MB / s nangaphezulu). Kodwa kukho loo drives hard phantse ngokuphindwe kabini imali eninzi. Kodwa ke inani izixhobo zokugcina ngaxeshanye elidityaniswe ukususela ezisixhenxe ukuya kwishumi elinesihlanu, udibaniso ingenziwa ngaphandle de-yokuvuselela ikhompyutha, kwaye ubude cable banokuba ngokomyalelo kweemitha 15-30. Enyanisweni, lo hlobo HDD ukuba becala awusebenzi iiPC umsebenzisi kunye neseva.

Performance eziphawula isantya kugqithiso okugqiba ye-I / O amandla, ngokuqhelekileyo wavakalisa ixesha emntwaneni kwaye isixa data idluliselwe series, kwaye kuchazwe MB / s.

Ezinye iinketho ezongezelelweyo

Ukuthetha ngento na hard diski isebenza siseko yaye yintoni parameters kuchaphazela ukusebenza kwayo, akunakuphepheka, yaye ezinye iimpawu ezongezelelweyo, nto leyo enokuchaphazela ukusebenza okanye ubomi kwefowuni.

Apha, endaweni yokuqala isantya ujikelezo, ochaphazela ngqo usetsho kunye ukundululwa ixesha (ukuqondwa) lwecandelo efunekayo. Oku-ekuthiwa efukamileyo ixesha yokukhangela - lekhefu apho imfuneko kwicandelo iguqukela intloko yokufunda. Namhlanje bamkela imigangatho eziliqela isantya yokuluka, ochazwa ngomzuzu kunye Ukulibaziseka kwexesha kwimizuzwana emininzi:

• 3600 - 8.33;
• 4500 - 6.67;
• 5400 - 5,56;
• 7200 - 4.17.

It lubonakala kalula ukuba xa ephezulu isantya, ixesha elincinci kwicandelo yokukhangela, kwaye moya ebonakalayo - yi revolution lwe disk ukuya kwindawo intloko ufakelo endaweni oyifunayo imbasa.

Enye parameter - umlinganiselo transfer sangaphakathi. Kwi iingoma zangaphandle ncinci kodwa kwanda inguqulelo ngcembe kwingoma embilwini. Ngenxa yoko, inkqubo sediskhi yekhompyutha efanayo abamele ukuhamba ezisetyenziswa data kummandla fastest we disc - hayi nje i-transfer kwengoma ephakathi kunye isantya sokufunda enkulu. Isantya ngaphandle ixabiso esisigxina kwaye kuxhomekeke interface esetyenzisiweyo.

Ekugqibeleni, omnye iingongoma ezibalulekileyo ezinxulumene phambi efihlakeleyo ezizezayo nzima ukuba drive okanye buffer. Enyanisweni, i-hard drive isebenza ngokwemiqathango yomgaqo lokusetyenziswa buffer into efanayo kwimemori zokusebenza okanye yenyani. Ubukhulu amakhulu indawo yokufihla (128-256 KB), kokukhona akhawulezayo hard drive.

Iimfuneko ezingundoqo HDD

iimfuno ezingundoqo, nokuthe kwiimeko ezininzi zithiwe thaca drives nzima, hayi kangako. Eyona nto - ubomi obude kunye nokuthembeka.

Umgangatho basic kuninzi HDD kucingwa ubomi komyalelo iminyaka 5-7 kunye nexesha zokusebenza esingekho ngaphantsi kweeyure abangaphezu kwamakhulu amahlanu amawaka, kodwa isiphelo eliphezulu drives, eli nani kungabi ngaphantsi kweeyure ezingama kwesigidi.

Ke ukuba ukuthembeka, unoxanduva lomsebenzi we-SMART self-test, nto leyo iliso ubume eziqalelo ngamnye we-hard drive, ekuqhubeni esweni rhoqo. Ngenxa kwedatha eqokelelweyo enokuveliswa nkqu yangaphambili imbonakalo lweempazamo kwixesha elizayo.

Ayisafuni nakucaciswa yona into yokuba umsebenzisi kufanele ukuma bucala. Umzekelo, xa usebenzisa HDD kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba bagcine eyiyo lobushushu lomqolo (0 - 50 ± 10 degrees Celsius) ukuphepha uyothuka, iimpembelelo asibekeke hard drive, yahlaselwa uthuli okanye ezinye amasuntswana amancinane, njl Kwenzeka ukuba, ezininzi ziya kuba .. abanomdla ukwazi ukuba amasuntswana umsi elifanayo malunga kabini mkhulu umgama phakathi intloko zokufunda kunye umphezulu kazibuthe-hard drive, neenwele yabantu - amaxesha 5-10.

Imibuzo ukuqalisa inkqubo ngokuthi kokutshintsha hard drive

Ngoku amagama ambalwa malunga kufuneka kuthathwe amanyathelo, ukuba ngenxa yesizathu esithile umsebenzisi ukutshintsha i hard drive okanye ufake dpolnitelny.

ukuchaza ngokupheleleyo inkqubo Ngeke, yaye iya kugxininisa kuphela eqongeni main. Okokuqala kufuneka ukuqhagamshela hard drive kwaye khangela yezicwangciso BIOS, ukuba iintsimbi entsha kubonakele, kwicandelo Administration kwidisk ukuqalisa kudaleke ushicilelo lwesiqalo esisiso, ukwakha umthamo elula, nika i-ID (incwadi) kunye ukufomata ngokhetho kwenkqubo lwefayile. Kuphela emva koko i "iqhosha lemenyu" entsha ngokupheleleyo ilungele ukusebenza.

isiphelo

Kuko konke oko uza lokwazisa iziseko nokusebenza kunye nokusebenza nzima drives mihla. Umgaqo esebenza ngayo le yangaphandle hard drive akujongwa kubalulekile kuba phantse oko akuthethi kwahluka isetyenziselwa HDD zokubhala. Umahluko kuphela kukuba kuphela indlela kokuxhuma yokugcina ezongezelelweyo PC yakho okanye kwi laptop yakho. Avamise kakhulu uqhagamshelwano nge USB-interface into enxulumene ngqo motherboard. Ngelo xesha, ukuba ufuna ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza ngokupheleleyo, kubhetele ukuba kusetyenziswe umgangatho USB 3.0 (izibuko ngaphakathi elinombala oluhlaza) Kakade ke, ukuba lo HDD zangaphandle ngokwalo ayixhase.

Ke bona abanye, Ndicinga ukuba abantu abaninzi nkqu kancinane, kwacaca mhlophe indlela disk nzima naluphi na uhlobo. Mhlawumbi ulwazi ngasentla sele inikwe kakhulu zobugcisa, i ngakumbi kwikhondo physics esikolweni, kodwa ngaphandle ukuba uyiqonda ngokupheleyo yonke imithetho-siseko engundoqo kunye nendlela ebekwe phantsi kwi HDD imveliso kunye nesicelo technologies akayi ukuqonda.