B. Fisher, umdlali chess: engobomi, iifoto kunye ngempumelelo

Robert Dzheyms "bby" Fischer - player chess ehlabathini lonke, indoda efuna undikho 11 kule ngqeqesho ehlabathini. Kwakhona phakathi baphiwe wawo loMgangato kunye Introduction ukuqhelisela uhlobo olutsha ixesha ulawulo olusekelwe phezu Ukongeza emva kokubetha nganye. clock chess afanayo ngokuba umenzi wayo - "iwotshi Fischer". Ayenamalungelo abenzi kuye ngo-1990.

Abantwana nolutsha

Wazalwa Fisher - Matshi 9, 1943. uyise wakhe yobuhlanga waseJamani, kunye nomama wakhe Swiss kunye neengcambu yamaYuda. Xa kweminyaka emibini, bby wasinda sentlekele yokuqala ebomini - uyise eshiya intsapho. Wabuyela eJamani, unina ndawonye nabantwana safudukela eBrooklyn.

Amava lokuqala nokudlala itshesi kwenzeka kwiminyaka emithandathu. udadewethu omdala ababefundisa uRobert noYakobi ukudlala nabo ngoko nangoko waphawula italente yendalo umninawa wakhe ukuze sicwangciso. Kwiminyaka kamva rhoqo ngcono umdlalo wechess. Ukufumaneka memory ezigqwesileyo kwamenza ukuba afunde iilwimi ezininzi (iSpanish, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, isiJamani), kunye ne-lwazi yoncwadi chess amazwe wafunda Bobby kwindawo yokuqala.

ukhuphiswano lokuqala

Njengoko elivisayo, Fisher inxaxheba kukhuphiswano ezininzi. Kodwa ke ngenxa yokuqala elikhulu yaba kokoyisa kwakhe kwi US Junior Championships (1957). Emva konyaka onke Ndabancoma Bobby kunye kwisihloko yintshatsheli of America. Yaba yeyokuqala ezimbalini yintshatsheli oneminyaka eli-14 ubudala yesizwe. Kodwa lo loyiso yayisanda baqalisa ukuhlela ukuba abalandeli babo. Ngowe-1958, xa ndandineminyaka engama-elinesihlanu, bby waba nguGrandmaster omncinane ehlabathini.

Malunga nelo xesha elinesihlanu Fischer, umdlali wechess ukuya ithambo, esishiya isikolo eso ukuze azinikele ngokupheleleyo wechess. Isihloko ntshatsheli - eli phupha lakhe ibalulekileyo. Bobby emi ukuya kule njongo.

Noko ke, ihlombe ezemidlalo nto kuphela wechess. Lo mntu nanto nayo inxaxheba intenetya, nokuqubha, Ukuskiya kunye skating.

Ixesha lokuqala singene neyomhlaba wonke of wechess American Fischer wazama ngo-1959. Wayengomnye-nxaxheba ye contenders tumente isihloko ihlabathi laseYugoslavia. Kodwa ke eli xesha ke akuphumelelanga.

ngecala lokuqala

Ngowe-1962, abafundi elandelayo Tournament e Curaçao. Oku itumente yokugqibela phambi kokuba ikhefu kunyaka-emine-elide Fisher kaThixo. Emva koko waphinda oyisiwe, agqibileyo kwindawo yesine. Ngenxa yoku wafumana izizathu zakhe neengcaciso. Wayekholelwa ukuba phakathi nxaxheba kwakukho abadlali abaninzi kakhulu ukusuka eSoviet Union. A uhlobo iqhele waze Bobby akazange akwazi ukuhlola nzulu le meko. Waze wabona ukuba ayikho le okhuphisana, kwaye ukunganeli ikhono lakhe.

Uphuhliso wechess umsebenzi

Emva koko, waphumelela uthotho zoloyiso ezinkulu kwi kwiitumente kakhulu ehlonitshwe, abe ngomnye wabadlali kakhulu ehlabathini. Ngelo xesha, Fischer - itshesi, le pati eyayibanjelwe e-Melika, phantse-100% yaphela lokuwina bakhe, nangakumbi elifomatiweyo eliGorha kulo mdlalo. Kwi the US Open ngo-1963, waphumelela kunye yoko ogqibeleleyo. Phakathi kuka-1960 ukuya ku-1970, ehamba neqela welizwe lakhe kwi-Olimpiki World, wachitha 65 imidlalo: 40 apho waphumelela iBanga 18 bawungenisa draw andabikho 7 kuphela.

Ngeminyaka yokuqala, waqala ukubonisa iziphumo irekhodi. Eli qela kunye nabadlali engcono kwihlabathi kwi Abaviwa Tournament 1971, waphumelela ne umphumo ibonwe - 85% amanqaku.

Bobby Fischer - umdlali chess kunye ngumlinganiswa ihlazo

Le ndoda wawuhlanganisa wechess isipho enqabileyo i nangokozuko kwesizathu kunye nehlazo. Yena usoloko kwaye yonke wafuna ukumbulala yena ngaphezu kwezinye sikhuphisana, befuna namalungelo. Wayesoloko waya kude ukuze iyangqubana nemigaqo, benza uhlaselo ukrwada zokwalatha kwi abaququzeleli ukhuphiswano kunye okhuphisana. Ngokomzekelo, njengokuba ilungu Interzonal e Sousse ngo-1967, yena ngokucacile yathi, ngenxa yenkolelo zonqulo, awunakukwazi ukubamba imidlalo ngoLwesihlanu nangoMgqibelo ingadlala kuphela emva kwentsimbi yesixhenxe ngokuhlwa. Abaququzeleli waya kumkhawulela, ishedyuli yakhe imidlalo ngokungqinelana nezi mfuno. Noko ke, kule "sivumelane 'yakhe phezu okwangoku. Uqhubele phambili ifuna ukuba ezinye beqela ngoMgqibelo, kakhulu, baqala kuphela emva 19,00. Esi sicelo nzima, Kakade ke, walahlwa, emva koko bby Fischer, umdlali wechess kunye ngumlinganiswa ihlazo, yaye "bamtshicela" ukuze bonke beneentloni, musa ukubonisa ngenxa imidlalo ezimbini. Ngokutsho imimiselo, la maqela akazange kuye ekuthini nguAdam, ephendula ukwala kwakhe inxaxheba ngakumbi kule tumente.

Fisher wabonisa iziphumo ezibalaseleyo, ngaloo ndlela abarhola intlonipho phakathi abadlali. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye, iye uselegwetyiwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngokuba krwada, ukuchitha kunye neemfuno ezigqithisileyo phezu kobuso bakhe. Kubulungisa kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba lenyuka iimfuno zombini iimeko kunye nobukhulu imirhumo, zibe negalelo ekuphuculeni ubomi letumente kunye nentlalontle abadlali. Ngokukodwa, ngenxa ukugxeka ngu Fisher ukuba yandiswe izihlandlo eziliqela ubungakanani elincinane ibhaso lidike lobuntshatsheli yehlabathi. Nabo badla ngokuba ngokuqhula ngokuthi "umtshato wethu," esazi njengoko ezama wechess ohloniphekileyo.

ntshatsheli

In lobuntshatsheli nomdlalo 1972, eyayibanjelwe e Reykjavik, apho Fischer badlale kunye Boris Spassky, waphumelela abanamanqaku ka 12.5: 8.5.

Ukuphumelela umdlalo kunye Spassky yaba umdlalo wokugqibela igosa edlalwa yi Fisher. Won isihloko uyintshatsheli entsha, waqala ukudlala ngamaxesha, kwaye ke iqela informal kuphela. Ngomdlalo e lemidlalo ezinkulu kungekho ngaphezulu. Abantu ngeenxa laphawula ukuqhubela nakakhulu yintshatsheli nekratshi entsha. Neentlungu kakhulu kwanokucinga malunga nokwenzeka bengaphumelelanga kwakhokelela ekubeni yokuba Fischer - player chess, ngubani na kodwa kwakhona ukukholisa abalandeli uloyiso eyothusayo, enyanisweni, bavela kude.

Kutheni na umdlalo ne Karpov

Kudala phambi kokuba umdlalo kunye Anatoliem Karpovym indoda efuna undikho olawulayo ubeke phambili inani elikhulu iimfuno (ka-64), ukuba umbutho kunye nokuziphatha. Abaninzi kubo ababeqhutywa indalo nje kunokwenzeka, nangona abaninzi babebonakala ukwazi. Kwanele ukuba usebenzise umzekelo omnye kubo: Fischer ifuna ukuba umnyango ukuya egumbini, apho kukho umdlalo, bonke mandatory shot headgear. Kwakukho ezo meko, leyo ngokucacileyo ezingqubana practice asekwa ngexesha olu hlobo khuphiswano. Konke oku kubonisa ukuba B. Fischer, umdlali chess, indlela akazange avumele nokumbona kwakhe, wazama ukuba ukuphazamisa umdlalo umdlali welinye icala ngubani komelela na kunabo kuye.

Indoda efuna undikho yangoku iseke ezi mfuno zilandelayo imithetho yomdlalo: kufuneka elinokuthatha ukuya kuma-10 kwidabi imidlalo, hayi ukubala amtsale; inani amaqela nangayiphi na indlela ongenakulawulwa; ukuba score 9: 9, isihloko uhlala ne Fischer.

Xa iingongoma zokuqala ezimbini ubude umdlalo kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba ibone. Yena angahlala iinyanga eziliqela, nto leyo akuyi kwamkeleka. Ngoko ke, ikhomishini eyenziwa ekhokela amalungu fide yagqiba ukuba le midlalo 6 iphumelele iya kuba ngokwaneleyo. Yintoni uBobby "umnwe" yi ukwala isithsaba chess, lo mdlalo kunye Karpov. Apha, abaququzeleli baye benza iminyinyiva. Inani imidlalo iphumelele wavuswa ukuya 9. kuphela imfuneko leyo lunikwa ingqalelo njengempambano olunesheyi, akazange ahlangabezane. Sithetha ngalo mthetho uyilwayo. Ngapha koko, ukuba i-akhawunti esebenzayo ngu 9: 8 wakhetha Karpov, ngoko ukuze ukuwina umdlalo elandelayo ngokuqinisekileyo kufuneka siphumelele, oko kukuthi, umfaki-sicelo kufuneka ukuwina 2 imidlalo ngaphezu intshatsheli olawulayo.

Ukuphendula, sekunjalo Fischer wala umdlalo, kuba yena waphulukana isithsaba sakhe chess. Anatoly Karpov wathi indoda efuna undikho, nesenza Fisher ngenxa ixesha elide kuxoxwa kwindawo chess le.

reclusion

Bobby Fischer - umdlali chess (bona ngezantsi ifoto.), Eye i umlinganiswa lukhuni enjalo, emva komdlalo akuphumelelanga Karpov ayisa inxaxheba kukhuphiswano chess esemthethweni. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba 1976-1977, wavakalisa umnqweno ukubamba umdlalo kunye intshatsheli olawulayo Karpov kunye thethwano bade kuqhutywa ngalo mba. Kodwa abazange yimpumelelo, kwaye intlanganiso zange zenzeke. Kwakhona kwaziwa ukuba abadlali ezinjengezo Enrike Meking, Svetozar Gligoric, uViktor Korchnoi and Jan Timman, nayo yaba nomdla Fisher njengoko ziintshaba elinokwenzeka, kodwa kananjalo nabo imidlalo ekufikelelwa kuyo.

Kule minyaka, eendaba ingxelo ukuba Fischer wajoyina ihlelo lonqulo "World Church of uMdali." Noko ke, emva kokuphela ayiphumelelanga sehlabathi, ngubani wayixela nenkokeli yalo, baphuma hlelo.

Iminyaka yokugqibela yobomi nokufa

De 1992, igama wechess Fischer phantse akazange kupapashwa kumaphepha-ndaba. Kulo nyaka mnye ngesiquphe uyavuma ngesiphakamiso le bhanki yorhwebo yesiYugoslav ukudlala umdlalo kunye Anatoliem Karpovym. Fischer kumelezeke liyifumane kwakhona, kodwa ke, njengoko kuphawuliwe abagxeki ezininzi, zombini iinkosi ngobuchule, xa kuthelekiswa yokuba beye babonisa kwi-1970, liye lehla kakhulu.

Emva Usindiso walandelwa yayisothusa, uxabana kwiofisi yerhafu kunye US Department State. Isibakala sokuba Fisher, wathabatha inxaxheba emdlalweni, badlula korhwebo yamazwe ngamazwe, nto leyo sikuko iCity of Yugoslavia, ibhengeze eUnited States. Kwakhona, akazange ukuhlawula irhafu lokuwina. Emva koko Bobby akazange nje wathetha buso malunga urhulumente US. Ngenxa yoko, wehla waya yokuba passport yakhe sirhoxisiwe. Xa emva kwethuba wazama ukufumana eUnited, wabanjwa waza wagwetywa iinyanga 8 entolongweni.

Emva kokubanjwa kwakhe, yena wayehlala e Iceland, e Reykjavik. Wafa Bobby Fischer - umdlali chess, ogama engobomi izaliswe iziganeko ezinjalo ezahlukeneyo yaye iphikisana, ukususela ukusilela kwezintso January 17, 2008.