Art: imvelaphi zobugcisa. ubugcisa

Ukuqonda inyaniso, ibinzana iingcamango neemvakalelo ngendlela yokomfuziselo - yonke le nkcazelo, leyo ingachazwa ngobugcisa. Imvelaphi zobugcisa ubuxoki emva imfihlelo kangangeenkulungwane. Ukuba eminye imisebenzi kunokubonwa ezafunyanwa ngabembi bezinto zakudala, abanye nje musa ukundishiya, azafunyanelwa ndawo.

Funda phezu yaye uya kufunda ukuba zonke iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa, kwakunye simazi iingcamango ithandwayo izazinzulu.

Mbono imvelaphi

Kangangamawaka eminyaka, abantu owuthanda art. Imvelaphi wetu kufundiswa kwizikolo ezahlukeneyo. Abaphandi baphuhlisa hypothesis uzame ukuqinisekisa kubo.

Namhlanje kukho iindidi ngeendidi neengcamango ngemvelaphi zobugcisa. Ethandwa kakhulu ezintlanu iindlela, esiza kuxubusha ngezantsi.

Ngoko ke, ngowokuqala ukuba kubhengezwe imfundiso yonqulo. Ngokutsho kwakhe, ubuhle - yenye amagama abonakalisa bukaThixo emhlabeni, kwihlabathi lethu. Art ndlela obubonakalayo lo mbono. Ngenxa yoko, zonke iziqhamo ngamakhono abantu babonge uMdali.

Hypothesis elandelayo lubonisa uhlobo yenyama na isenzeko. Imvelaphi yobuciko nobu-, ingakumbi, kuyehla kumdlalo. Yile uhlobo lomsebenzi kunye abanye bavele phambi yabasebenzi. Asikwazi Balubona ebukumkanini izilwanyana. Phakathi abaxhasi okufushane kubizwa ngokuba Spencer, Schiller, Fritsche kunye Bucher.

Ingcamango wesithathu ubona kwimizobo ibonakalisa eroticism. Ngokukodwa, Freud, Lange kunye Nardin bakholelwa ukuba le nto wabonakala ngenxa ngokwesini kufuneka ukutsala omnye. Umzekelo kwihlabathi isilwanyana ingaba ukuthandana.

iinkcuba Greek babekholelwa ukuba ubuchule imbonakalo yazo linyanzelekile ukuba kubadlali ngabantu. Aristotle Democritus bathi sixelise indalo kwaye ziya zikhula ngokukhula ngaphakathi yoluntu, abantu baye bakwazi ukushukumisa ngokomfuziselo.

Omncinane kakhulu umbono abangabaxhasi bakaMarx. Uthi malunga ezobugcisa ngenxa yomsebenzi mveliso yabantu.

Okulandelayo siza sijonga kwimbali imvelaphi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo iziphiwo misebenzi yoyilo.

theatre

Yeqonga njengoko ifom zobugcisa wazalwa kudala. Abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba le mbono weza evela izithethe shamanic. Mandulo, abantu ixhomekeke kakhulu babenqula indalo ngeziganeko ezininzi, wacela oomoya ukuba kuncedisa ekuzingeleni kwakhe.

Ukuze wenze oku, sebenzisa iintlobo ngeentlobo iimaski kunye nesinxibo, baba izifundo wafundela kwimeko nganye.

Noko ke, abo amasiko ngeke ngokuba yokusebenza wokubonelwa. Ezi kanye izithethe. Ukuya kumdlalo othile ihlelwa njenge yaseqongeni kufuneka, ngaphandle umdlali kunye nabaphulaphuli ngakumbi.

Ngoko ke, ukuzalwa kanye le yeqonga iqala ngamakhoboka. Phambi kwakukho ndawonye izinto ezahlukeneyo - umdaniso, umculo, iingoma, njl Emva koko, kukho ukwahlukana, ngokuthe ngcembe bakha iinkalo ezintathu ezingundoqo: .. Ballet, idrama kunye opera.

Abalandeli umdlalo ngemvelaphi art baveza ukuba kwabonakala nje ukuzonwabisa fun. Ngokusisiseko, le ngxelo isekelwe phezu iimfihlakalo yamandulo, apho abantu benxibe iimpahla ezo satyrs, Bacchantes. Kweli xesha, amaxesha amaninzi ngonyaka amalungiselelo akhangeleke, ezixineneyo nangeeholide fun.

Emva koko, baqala ukuthatha imilo kwicala eyahlukileyo - yeqonga. Kukho imisebenzi bemidlalo ezifana UEuripides, Aeschylus, Sophocles. Ingaba ezimbini uhlobo - usizi comedy.

Emva kokuwa uBukhosi baseRoma theatre art lilityelweyo. Enyanisweni, e Western EYurophu azalwe - kwakhona ngenxa leeholide zikazwelonke kunye nemibhiyozo.

yokudweba

Imbali buciko enemvelaphi yayo ngamakhoboka. Ingafumana imizobo ezintsha iindonga emiqolombeni kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi. Ngokomzekelo, xa kumqolomba Altamira eSpeyin, Niah Caves, Malaysia kunye nabanye.

Ngokuqhelekileyo nongo ugalelwe yokuhlanganisa, ezifana amalahle okanye imbola nentlaka. Izifundo akazange ayahlukanga neyantlukwano. Inkoliso yabo imifanekiso zezilwanyana, kuzingela imifanekiso, handprints. Le art inxulumene paleolith kwaye mesolite.

Kamva kuvela petroglyphs. Enyanisweni, yiloo umqolomba enye zobugcisa, kodwa ibali olutshintshayo. Kukho sele ukubonakala silhouettes abantu, ukwandisa inani isigcawu kuzingela.

Noko ke, abanye abaphandi bathi imvelaphi ubugcisa elihle ngexesha waseYiputa yamandulo. Kulapha kule meko ngasechwebeni loMnayile kukho izimiso engqongqo lweendidi ngeendidi ezahlukeneyo zeetekisi. Ngokukodwa, ubugcisa ezintle busuke sculpture nokupeyinta omkhulu.

Xa uhlolisisa ezi kwimizobo yamandulo, siyakwazi ukubona ukuba lo mzila neengcamango zokuyila evela bazama ukukopa, ukulungisa ubunyani ezingqongileyo.

Kamva, ekupeyinteni ibonisa ezikhumbuzo kwexesha eKrete-zohlobo kunye yamandulo ivasi nokupeyinta Greek. Ukuqulunqwa kwale art iqalisa ukuba kukhawuleziswe. Esekelwe, imifanekiso, portraits kuqala. Konke oku kwenzeka ngexesha lokuqala kwiinkulungwane BC.

Ukuba ngomfanekiso babethandwa ingakumbi kudala, kwiZigaba Aphakathi, inkoliso yala magcisa asebenza ukudala ubuso abangcwele. Kuphela ngexesha Renaissance ngokuthe ngcembe iintlobo eziphambili zale mihla.

Ekubeni i-Italian Renaissance wabanika amandla okuqhubela kuphuhliso yonke lwemizobo Western eYurophu. Karavadzhizm, umzekelo, iphenjelelwa kakhulu abaculi Flemish. Kamva, le ezimbejembeje iphuhlisa, classicism, sentimentalism kunye nezinye iintlobo.

umculo

Umculo art samandulo akukho ngaphantsi. Art Origin obizwa ngokuba kwisiko lokuqala koobawo bethu, xa kuphuhliswa lomdaniso usaqala. Kwakhona Ngelo xesha kwakukho umculo.

Abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba omnye kwiminyaka engamawaka amashumi amahlanu eyadlulayo e-Afrika, abantu wegqitha iimvakalelo zabo ngomculo. Ubungqina lo unguye nelembande, apho abembi bezinto zakudala baye bafumana kufutshane eqingqiweyo kule ndawo. imifanekiso Age - malunga namashumi amane amawaka eminyaka.

Hypothesis ngemvelaphi zobugcisa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, musa ukuchitha kunye aqalekise abantu yokuqala yokudala. Kunzima ukucinga ukuba umalusi ndidikwe okanye umzingeli kudala inkqubo entsonkothileyo imingxunya kwi handset ukudlala ingoma echwayithileyo.

Noko ke, ukuba lo wokuqala Cro-Magnons asetyenziswe isiko izixhobo zezihlokomiso kunye nomoya.

Kamva kuza ilixa umculo yamandulo. Le ngoma lokuqala ekuthethwa busuka emva ezimbini-amawaka BC. Amacwecwe ngodongwe ngeetekisi ngoonobumba yafunyanwa ngexesha Ukumba Nippur. Xa uguqulwa, oko kwazeka ukuba umculo orekhodiweyo kwamathathu.

Olu hlobo wetu saziwa e-Indiya, wasePersi, eMesopotamiya, Egypt. Ngeli xesha, wasebenzisa nobhedu, yesandi ndazidlathula nezixhobo.

Endaweni umculo omdala kuza. Lo zobugcisa ukubayinxalenye Ixesha ukuwa uBukhosi baseRoma de kwinkulungwane yama-elinesibhozo. Ngeli xesha, ingakumbi ngamandla kuphuhliswa ulwalathiso yobufundisi. Inguqulelo yezomhlaba yabo imisebenzi thaca troubadours, ezizihiba, neseemvumi, nesabagwali.

iincwadi

Imbali yezobugcisa nenkcubeko eqondakalayo waqiqa ufumana xa kufikwa imithombo ebhaliweyo. Loo ncwadi na udlulisele ngakumbi ulwazi. Ukuba ezinye iintlobo zobugcisa zijolise kakhulu kwinkalo oluvo-iimvakalelo, ngelakamva isebenza kwakhona neendidi ngesizathu.

Iitekisi ezininzi yamandulo afumaneka kumazwe afana ne-Indiya, iTshayina, iPersi, Egypt neMesopotamiya. Ngokomthetho kokuba bekwenziwe ngako ezindongeni iitempile, amatye, zaba nemikrolo kumacwecwe odongwe.

Phakathi kwiintlobo zeli xesha, kubalulekile amaculo ukukhankanya, iitekisi komngcwabo, iileta, angobomi. Kamva ke ibali, iimfundiso, iziprofeto.

Noko ke, abaninzi baza baba uncwadi yamandulo. Iinkcuba kunye bemidlalo, iimbongi ababhali Greece yamandulo neRoma, abashiya nto inzala ubutyebi obungapheliyo ubulumko. Apha iziseko uncwadi mihla Western yaseYurophu kunye nehlabathi babekwa. Enyanisweni, ukwahlulwa lwamazwi, epics nedrama ezinikezelwa yi-Aristotle.

Okulandelayo kufike ixesha of the Ages Aphakathi. Imbali zobugcisa Russian, ingakumbi iincwadi, iqala ngeli thuba. Kuba iintlobo zokuqala ziquka ikopi yeVangeli, iBhayibhile, Miscellany, ukufundisa nabanye.

dance

Enye ubugcisa zinzima elixwebhu. Isibakala sokuba lomdaniso kwaqala ixesha elide eyadlulayo, esitsho engathandabuzi nawuphi na umntu, kodwa kwisakhelo rough akunakwenzeka ukuba uzimisele.

Le mifanekiso zokuqala efumaneka emiqolombeni e India. Kukho zipeyintwe silhouette yabantu kuyingozi ukudanisa. Ngokutsho iingcamango ngemvelaphi zobugcisa, ngamafutshane, yimfuneko ukuchaza iimvakalelo umdla besini esahlukileyo. Yeyona umdaniso exhasa kakhulu ngokupheleleyo lo mbono.

Sekunjalo dancing dervishes elisetyenziswayo ukungenisa phantsi, etyhilwe amehlo. Siyazi igama nabadanisi idumileyo eYiputa yamandulo. It yayinguSalome, oyinzalelwane Idoma (i imeko yamandulo emantla yeSinayi Peninsula).

Impucuko ka East Far sele okwangoku kwabelwene yi zomdaniso yeqonga. Zombini iintlobo zobugcisa ebesoloko bahamba kwisibini. Izimbo zomzimba, imidlalo Japanese ngu abadlali, abadanisi, amaNdiya, imigubho Chinese nemingcelele. Zonke ezi ziganeko, ezo zisetyenziselwa ukuvakalisa iimvakalelo uze ugcine isithethe ephila, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amagama.

imikrolo

Kubonakala ukuba imbali yezobugcisa kuhlangene kunye nezinye izenzo ingqondo yemveli. Hi xikombiso, le ukukrola waba ngephanyazo wayeka ukudanisa. Uqinisekiswe imilonde ezininzi iinkosi zamandulo zamaGrike nezamaRoma.

Abaphandi ingxaki ngemvelaphi wetu kutyhilwa antsonkothileyo. Imikrolo, umzekelo, kwelinye icala, kwakukho iinzame personify oothixo yamandulo. Kwelinye - inkosi ayiphumelelanga ukunqanda imizuzu ubomi zesiqhelo.

Loo Umfanekiso eye wavumela amagcisa ukugqithisa iimvakalelo, iimvakalelo, kwempixano engaphakathi, okanye, icala, uxolo eziplastikini ezitywiniweyo. kubonakaliswa Frozen zabantu kwihlabathi ngokomoya okunene zibe ifoto endala igcine kangangamawaka amaninzi eminyaka kunye ingcamango yimbonakalo abantu belo xesha.

Njengezinye iintlobo ezininzi zobugcisa, ukukrola uvela eYiputa yamandulo. Mhlawumbi lesikhumbuzo idumileyo i SPHINX. Ekuqaleni, inkosi wadala izacholo kuphela ukuba izigodlo neetempile. Kamva, Kwamandulo, lo mfanekiso ibekwe kwinqanaba likazwelonke. Xa la mazwi ukuthini ukuba eli xesha eqingqiweyo ukuhombisa ikhaya lakho nabani na imali eyaneleyo ukuze umyalelo.

Ngoko ke, olu hlobo art akusekho kungumsebenzi wookumkani neetempile.

Njengabo nezinye ezininzi zobugcisa, Umfanekiso of the Ages Aphakathi waba ukuhla. Ukuvuselelwa iqala kuphela kokufika Renaissance.

Namhlanje, le hlobo art ingena a orbit entsha. Kunye computer 3D-abashicileli lula inkqubo yokudala imifanekiso-ntathu.

bokwakha

Ubugcisa lwezakhiwo mhlawumbi yeyona uhlobo asebenzisekayo lomsebenzi zonke iindlela zokubonisa ingqondo kunokwenzeka. Ngapha koko, nakubugcisa idibanisa lombutho isithuba ukuba ubomi obutofotofo, amazwi iingcinga kunye neengcamango, kwakunye nokulondolozwa izinto ezithile yesithethe.

Izinto ngamnye kule fomu art kwavela xa kukho icandelo umphakathi iyaxela kunye nangokodidi ekuhlaleni. Umnqweno abalawuli kunye nababingeleli ukuba bahombise kumakhaya abo, ukuze zime ngaphandle kwezinye izakhiwo, kamva kwakhokelela kwikhono bokwakha.

Man-eyenziwe ngokoqobo,-odolwa bume, iindonga - konke oku kwenza ukuba bazive lokhuseleko. Kwaye ke ukuhonjiswa ivumela umzobi ukudlulisela imo kunye nomoya, nto leyo ke ubeka kwisakhiwo.

isekisi

Le mbono "amagcisa 'zinxulumene ayifane kunye isekisi. Olu hlobo izipeksi isoloko kubonwa ukuzonwabisa. Kuba eminyaka yaba yindawo engundoqo ngeendibano kunye namanye amatheko.

Igama elithi "circus" livela elithi Latin "round". Vula ukwakhiwa kwale fom waba yindawo zokonwabisa zamaRoma. Enyanisweni, yaba komqhubi. Kamva, emva kokuwa bukhosi eNtshona Yurophu baye bazama ukuqhubeka isithethe, kodwa ukuthandwa izinto ezinjalo abayi ifunyenwe. KumaXesha Aphakathi indawo esekisini wathabatha iingwali nabantu imfihlelo yezikhulu.

Nangona amagcisa ingqalelo engakumbi ngendlela yokukholisa abalawuli. Isekisi kubonwa kusonwabisa Fairground, oko kukuthi, yaba elisezantsi-grade.

Kuphela Renaissance, kukho usaqala ukwenza prototype lesekhasi mihla. izakhono ezingaqhelekanga, abantu abaneziphene, abaqeqeshi zezilwanyana, jugglers kunye iyahlekisa gama undwendwe abaphulaphuli.

Hayi kakhulu le meko utshintshile namhlanje. Olu hlobo zobugcisa kufuna ingaqhelekanga unyamezelo, ukukwazi sokwenza nokukwazi 'ebhadula' yobomi.

cinema

Izazinzulu zithi ukuba umntu otolikayo yinene inzululwazi nobugcisa. Imvelaphi art, ngokutsho le mibono enxulumene imfuneko self-ngokucacisa nentsebenziswano eluntwini.

Ngokuthe ngcembe baphuhlisa iintlobo zemveli zobugcisa ingqondo, ezibonwayo kunye nokuzonwabisa. Nangona kunjalo, kunye nophuhliso isigaba inkqubela beza iindlela ncam nanto yokunxibelelana iingcinga, iimvakalelo, ulwazi.

Kukho iintlobo ezintsha zobugcisa. Omnye wabo mfi.

abantu baba ngabokuqala ukuba bayile umfanekiso phezu nge "anemibala". Kuye zisekelwe kumgaqo "camera obscura" esinye uLeonardo da Vinci. Kamva kuvela iikhamera. Kuphela kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba emva kwexesha, abazalwana Lumiere ikwazile ukuba zizakhele isixhobo egu- oluvelayo imifanekiso ehambayo.

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini wathi yeqonga njengoko ifom zobugcisa uye waphila yokusebenziseka kwaso. Yaye ke kokufika kamabonakude oko kubonwa eneneni ayinakuphikiswa. Noko ke, siyabona ukuba kuhlobo ngalunye lwezobugcisa na abayithandayo yayo, nje ukuba ukwabiwa abaphulaphuli.

Ngenxa yoko, nathi he baxelelwayo imvelaphi beengcamango zobugcisa, kwaye kananjalo wathetha malunga neentlobo ezahlukileyo ingqondo yemveli.