Yintoni Federation yezi zinto? Russia - mfelandawonye yezi

Enye iimpawu ezibalulekileyo kuyo nayiphi na inkqubo federal yelizwe na macala okanye azilingani. Ukulingana kwamalungelo phakathi zifundo ngabanye nakwiimanyano kuba nefuthe elikhulu kuphuhliso yelizwe ngokubanzi kunye nemimandla ngamnye ngokukodwa. Le nkcazelo echazwe ngezantsi, sicinga ukuba iinkcukacha ezi ntlobo zimbini imibutho. Xoxa ukuba zahluke njani, yintoni na ukungalingani, yaye kutheni Russia - umanyano yezi zinto.

iimpawu Federation

Federation - kunxulumano ezikhoyo eziliqela karhulumente, ebizwa ngokuba arhente. Abanalo ulawulo karhulumente, kodwa abe impela igunya eliphezulu ukwenza imimiselo zabo kunye nemithetho. Izithili ngamnye kunye neziphaluka zibuye kwi-siseko weli lizwe apho ibekwe. Kodwa ke, ukuze babe amaziko yabo ngummi, imali, indwe kunye nezinye izinto ze ubume karhulumente. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba umntu ongatshatanga akanako abe lilungu yobudlelwane bezizwe, ndingaphumi nakwiimanyano ezichaphazelekileyo. Ngamnye kubo limela imeko, kwiphondo, urhulumente, okanye emhlabeni (ngokohlobo Germany okanye Austria).

Ngoko ke, lo umanyano unalo yeempawu zilandelayo:

• indawo Federation yahlulwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo (izifundo);
• amandla nemithetho neenkundla lithweswe abasemagunyeni zoluntu;
• kula mazwe kukho amagumbi amabini epalamente.

Kukho Federation macala nezingafaniyo.

ziyalingana Federation

Okokuqala, makhe sithethe uhlobo lokuqala. Federation macala - yinto umanyano, iphambili nto yokulingana zonke izithili intsimi yalo. Ezinye iingingqi kwiriphabliki kwaye efanayo ngokwendalo kwaye iwonga elilinganayo omnye komnye. Ngokuqhelekileyo, izifundo kweli lizwe babe igama ezifanayo, ezifana wesithili okanye iphondo. Basebenzisa inkqubo yamandla efanayo, ngaphandle umahluko zengingqi. Inqanaba yophuhliso kwezihloko malunga kwinqanaba elinye amanqwanqwa ngabanye ebomini. Lwempilo kunye nemfundo basebenza kuyo kummandla nakwiimanyano ngendlela efanayo. Inkoliso ilizwe lisiya kwintshayelelo lweziqalelo azilingani, njengoko nokuba umanyano macala kakhulu ngeke elide khona kule fomu.

mfelandawonye yezi

Kukho kwakhona uhlobo malunga kumazwe. mfelandawonye yezi - uhlobo karhulumente apho nakwiiriphabliki ezahlukeneyo, izithili okanye amalungelo umhlaba ezingalungeleleneyo. nabadlali ngamnye kula mazwe zahluke ngokwemo yabo. Umzekelo, i-siseko weRiphabhliki njengenxalenye nakwiimanyano inganika ngabemi kubantu ezizodwa. Baye siseko kukhona uqobo, yahlukile naleyo yathatyathwa kweli lizwe. Ngelo xesha, abanye abadlali, ezincinane, ungenza kuphela amaxhwebhu zabo. Ezinye kwiriphabliki washumayela ngokwabo amazwe azimeleyo, ebonisa ngokucacileyo kuyo amaxwebhu asemthethweni. Wonke umhlaba kunye nobutyebi ke impahla leyo kubemi abahlala ngaphakathi kwimida yayo. Yinto zonke iinkalo ekufuneka ukuba kuthathelwe ingqalelo. Asymmetry Kukwabonakala kwinkqubo yentlawulo yerhafu. Zonke izifundo ze umanyano niwuzalise mali federal ufumane isabelo ezithile ekumba. Noko ke, ezinye counties isenokuba abanikelayo ithi uze unike kakhulu ngaphezu abazifumanayo, kwaye abanye - ukufumana mali abasisigxina kuphela zikhona ngenxa yabo. Ezinye izifundo kwaye thethana iintlawulo zerhafu ophantsi reserve yinxalenye imali ngokwakhe.

Imizekelo mfelandawonye ziyalingana

Imizekelo iimanyano kuphela macala ezikhoyo namhlanje, hayi kangako. Lowo unjalo Ethiopia. Ilizwe wathi ngokwayo umanyano macala ngo-1994, ekufumaneni ukuba zibhalwe siseko wayo. Kwimeko enjalo ingaba akhona kuphela okwethutyana, kuba zonke iindawo elilodwa Federation akakwazi ukuphuhlisa kwi ngokulinganayo nabanye. Ngenxa yale nto ke, kwinkqubo karhulumente waqalisa utshintsho, enika imiqondiso yelizwe asymmetry. Ngoko safika Austria Germany.

Austria

E Austria, iyantlukwano lolawulo yangoku ilizwe kumazwe 9 bondage, kuquka isixeko Vienna, yona elikomkhulu nakwiimanyano ezichaphazelekileyo. Umhlaba, ke, iqanjwa izithili ngamnye, imizi somqulu kunye noluntu. Zowiso onke amazwe bonyulwa okuthandwayo. iirhuluneli Umhlaba anyulwe yiNdibano welizwe. Kwangaxeshanye, abasemagunyeni olawulo zale Bhodi oqeshwe ngurhulumente phezu. Le migaqo isebenza kulo lonke elo lizwe, kodwa wesithili ngasinye inkqubo eyahlukileyo yenkundla, leyo, nangona zihlobene federal, kodwa usenalo iiyantlukwano zalo. Ezinye iinkalo zobomi, ezifana amayeza, umzekelo, akhona jikelele lonke eli lizwe kunye namazwe lilungu i-European Union. Noko ke, nalapha kukho kwamagunya (njengoko kwi US). iphondo ngalinye e Austria omabini imisebenzi yayo ngamnye kwinkqubo yezempilo, kwakunye nenani iintsilelo. bekukho iyantlukwano engephi efanayo ibonakala kwinkalo yemfundo, amandla okanye imigodi.

Germany

E Germany, esebenza inkqubo efanayo. I Federation has 16 ithi. 13 zazo domain loluntu, kunye 3 ezintathu - imizi. Inani kuquka ikomkhulu Hamburg, eBerlin kunye Bremen. inxalenye Yahlula kwegama eJamani kumazwe federal, kodwa ayikho into ilungile, njengoko ngokutsho amaxwebhu asemthethweni, ukuba sonke simunye zikarhulumente omnye ibingento neeyunithi yolawulo ezimeleyo. YoWiso - lagdat - kwisithili ngasinye anyulwe ngabantu, ngoko ke imizimba yesigqeba, iNkulumbuso kunye nabanye izithili baqeshwa Landtag. Inye kuphela evelisa eJamani iziqalelo asymmetry - ukumelwa olungalinganiyo komhlaba endlwini asezantsi, kodwa ngokusemthethweni ke kusafuneka iwonga elilinganayo.

Imizekelo Federation yezi

imizekelo imifuziselo i Federation yezi amazwe afana ne-Indiya, Tanzania, Brazil kunye Canada. umhlaba athile counties kula mazwe zahluke kakhulu enye kwenye ngokwendlela iwonga kunye namalungelo abo. Inani mazwe ezinjalo ziquka eUnited States naseRashiya. Eneneni, zombini amazwe iimanyano kunye macala multilevel inkqubo federal. Ubuncinane yiloo nto kubhaliweyo-siseko.

USA

Ukuba uqhelene kakhulu kunye US nkqubo karhulumente, impendulo umbuzo wokuba kutheni oku kugqalwa Federation yezi zinto, kuba ngaphezu sobala. Ngoko ke, eUnited States ithi yahlulwe 55 ithi. Ngamnye kubo amalungelo alinganayo, abemi ezi nahambele abemi American ngaphandle ngaphandle. Abantu abahlala kummandla lizwe, babe namalungelo afanayo kunye nezibophelelo. Catch kukuba ukongeza kwiimo ezisisiseko Melika United nabo izifundo ezimbalwa kakhulu. DC, umzekelo. Lo mmandla engafakwanga nayiphi na abasebenzi kunye nabantu abahlala kwintsimi wayo, banawo amalungelo ambalwa. Kulo mzekelo, Colombia akakho omnye iNdlu yeeNgwevu, kunye umthunywa Endlwini Congress ayinayo nalo ilungelo lokuvota. Olu didi kungahlanganisa kwintsimi siqithi besive eUnited States. Le Virgin Islands, American Samoa kunye Guam. Ezinye zezi ndawo iphantsi kolawulo ngokupheleleyo ngurhulumente, njengenxenye inkululeko ethile ngokwemigaqo self-government. Ngaphezu koko, abemi ziziqithi ezili-nkqu abemi US, ukuba izifundo zabo, ngoko, abakwazi ukuthatha inxaxheba kulonyulo kamongameli.

Canada

Canada yahlulahlulwe amaphondo 10 kunye nemimandla-3. Ezi ntlobo ze zifundo kwahluka kwi eziliqela. Amaphondo amandla aphezulu eziye kuvunyiweyo kubo yi-siseko kwakhona ngo-1867. amalungelo abo ayigungqi. Bathi ungatshintsha kuphela ngokutshintsha-siseko ngokwawo. KwiPhondo elizimeleyo evela kurhulumente yase kanye omnye komnye. Oku kuthetha ukuba nokuba umthetho-siseko kukho utshintsho, abayi kwenza kwi kwisithili, apho uthe wavakalisa ukungaboni yayo kunye nezilungiso eyamkelweyo. Ngoko ke umgaqo-siseko wephondo ukuba ungatshintsha nangaliphi na ixesha. Independent of Canada nabo akhuphe imithetho enxulumene kummandla wabo umsebenzi, nokuba amayeza, imfundo okanye urhwebo, kodwa urhulumente wezwe ukuba inxenye yayo, ungenza amalungiselelo iprogram yesithili eyahlukileyo Kukutshekisha kwinqanaba lobuchule kwindawo ethile. Control abasemagunyeni kwiphondo kulo mzekelo Bangase badele inkqubo.

NaseRussia i Federation yezi

Russia yinto Federation yezi zinto, nangona into yokuba i-siseko umisela isimo esahlukileyo. Ngokusekelwe ingcaciso ecaciswe kwiSiqendu 5 loMgaqo-siseko, bonke abadlali karhulumente (imimandla ezimeleyo, imimandla nasemazweni) bayalingana ngokupheleleyo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba iimpawu indawo. Nangona kunjalo, zibonise ukuba iRussia yi Federation yezi, izimamva ezinokuthelekiswa ukuqwalasela ukusebenza ngendlela abanye abadlali, ingakumbi lizwe. Abanye babo baye siseko yabo, inyule uMongameli (umzekelo, i-Chechen Republic de facto karhulumente a eyahlukileyo). Abantu abahlala kwezi ndawo babe ubuzwe zabo, nakubeni ke abasahlala ngaphakathi eRashiya. Izwe maqumrhwana amalungelo esingenayo. Ezinye iingingqi ezimeleyo zonke ziyinxalenye yomntu imiphetho ukuthi kuphakamisa azithobe isifundo omnye komnye. Abameli zelizwe izivumelwano kwizithili ngamnye, republic kunye namaphondo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ezi izivumelwano musa kwahluka enye kwenye, kodwa ezinye izifundo ezinikwe amagunya.

Ukulwa phakathi Russia kunye asymmetry

I-Russian Federation azilingani, kodwa uzama yokuphelisa le nkqubo, inkqubo karhulumente kwenziwa kwinkulungwane yokugqibela. USihlalo RSFSR Ephakamileyo yiSoviet Boris Yeltsin ngo-1990, ecetywayo ukudibanisa zonke kwisithili owayamileyo kunye elunxwemeni Czech Republic, kodwa le projekthi sele alukhange lufumane uphuhliso ngakumbi. Kamva, ngowe-1995, ezinye iinguqulelo ziye zenzeka. Iintloko zezithili amalungelo afanayo njengoMongameli weRiphabliki. Ngaphambili, abalawuli banyulwe amagunya karhulumente, kwaye kwixesha ukususela 1995, yaye anyulwe yi ngabantu namhlanje.