Umngcipheko Sivumelekile - yintoni na le nto? Ingqiqo nembono

Umntu ngamnye yonke imihla, bayazi okanye hayi, kuba sengozini. Kuyinto injongo kakhulu kwaye ihamba kunye phantse na umsebenzi. Abantu abasemngciphekweni, silwe iingozi ekhaya, ezothutho, mveliso. Cinga phambili ingqikelelo umngcipheko eyamkelekileyo.

Overview

Umngcipheko ngumlinganiselo yenkathazo ezilindelekileyo, ukungaphumeleli, umngcipheko neziphumo ezibi ngabantu. Kwakhona iquka iziganeko ezithile zisenzeka amathuba yenziwa ilahleko eziphathekayo. Njengoko igama elithi "abasemngciphekweni" Indlela yentanda ezinxulumene (ingqiqo) ukuya ukhuseleko lobomi kunye nomsebenzi. Ekuphuhliseni ulwazi yabantu lobuchwepheshe kwisigaba uhlobo yosongo kubonakala iimbono ezahlukeneyo.

iindlela ezisisiseko

Okokuqala, kufuneka ukhankanye ingqikelelo ukhuseleko ngokupheleleyo, okanye "zero ingozi". Le ndlela yaziwa ngokuba kwithiyori kukuthembeka ubuninzi. Ngokutsho kuyo kulindeleke ukuba kuyimfuneko iindleko eziphathekayo uqeqesho, izixhobo zokuzikhusela, yaye ulawulo olungqongqo nokungqinelana nemithetho nemimiselo iya kuqinisekisa ukhuseleko ngokupheleleyo. Kukho kwakhona indlela deterministic, okanye ingqiqo iingozi eziqhelekileyo. Le ngcamango yaphuhliswa 80s kwinkulungwane yokugqibela kwamanye amazwe. Phakathi kwabo, ingakumbi, i-UK, eNetherlands, USA. Okwangoku, le ndlela ngokukhutheleyo uyaphuhliswa kumazwe amaninzi. Phantsi lo mbono ingqalelo ekungakwazini ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko ngokupheleleyo. Ingcamango ibandakanya ingqalelo lwengozi iintlekele ezinkulu, kuba neziphumo ezibi kakhulu. Okwesithathu, indlela zidibene iyakuqonda akunakuphepheka yeengozi, kodwa kubandakanya ukuncitshiswa ngokusekelwe kuhlalutyo ngokucokisekileyo kwizoyikiso kuyilo lweenkqubo, kwakunye ephambili ngemali amanyathelo okhuseleko, bawuhloniphe nomthetho, imigaqo kunye nemigaqo.

Indlela deterministic

Oku kusekelwe ingqikelelo umngcipheko eyamkelekileyo. Njengenxenye isisongelo kwithiyori, kwelinye icala, siyafana kangangoko ukhuseleko kunokwenzeka. Ngamanye amazwi, umngcipheko lifinyele kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Kwelinye icala, kukho umngcipheko owamkelekileyo - inqanaba elifanelekileyo emazifikelelwe nokhuseleko ngokwemigaqo Abaxabisekanga ingeniso-eseleyo. Le ngcamango ingavezwa amagama alula. Safety on le ndlela deterministic - kufana nokuthi umntu ukulungele ukuba uhlawule ngawo.

theory yesintu

Kuye ngokusekelwe umnqweno "ukhuseleko olupheleleyo". Kakuhle eli thiyori yaba ukuphunyezwa amanyathelo okususa nayiphi usongo olubangelwa ubugcisa, ukuqaliswa onke amanyathelo kunokwenzeka yokhuselo. Ngelo xesha langoku, abantu sele ufikile ekuqondeni ukuba ukhuseleko olupheleleyo ingenakufikeleleka okanye esidityaniswe iindleko ezinkulu yaye ngokufuthi nasihlahla. Ngaphezu koko, iimfuno ndlela zemveli, nangona kweenjongo enobuntu, kuziguqulela izizwe nentlungu ngokwenene. Oku kubangelwa yinto yokuba ubonelelo zero isoyikiso inkqubo isebenza namhlanje akwenzeki. Ngoko ke umntu kufuneka ukurhwaphilizela kubo engozini.

Umxholo ingqiqo umngcipheko eyamkelekileyo

Ukususela ekupheleni imi--70-80. leminyaka yokugqibela kumazwe ngokwemveliso kwisikhokelo kophando ezinxulumene nokhuseleko, waqala ube sowuyisusile imfundiso ngokupheleleyo ukhuseleko. Ukuba usebenza ngelixa izazinzulu usenokubuza: "Chaza umxholo ingqiqo umngcipheko elamkelekileyo," ngebaba bachaza ukuba ngumongo indlela kukunciphisa isoyikiso kangangokuba uluntu kuthatha ixesha elithile.

Iimpawu

Ngoku ufumene imali obungozi amkelekileyo uhlobo oluthile lomsebenzi. Kuyinto yokukala ingozi apho uluntu ngeli nqanaba wophuhliso yayo kubekwa. Ngamanye amazwi, umgangatho owamkelekileyo ingozi yokufa, ukukhubazeka, ukwenzakala abantu aluchaphazeli ukhuseleko nkampani, kwicandelo lezoqoqosho okanye karhulumente xa iyonke. Ngelo xesha ekusunguleni lomzobo esahlukileyo. engozini engavumelekanga - kwinqanaba apho amanyathelo ekufuneka athathwe ukuze ukuphelisa ingozi. Ezinye izizathu ezibangela nemiphumo eyingozi ixesha elide, akukho umbundu senzo. Ukuba uqala ukuba nempembelelo kuphela ngaphaya norms (umzekelo, le xiyimiso avumelekile umchiza), ingozi iphezulu eyamkelekileyo uya kudibana le zisembundwini wawo. Kuba eziphila ezinjalo parameter yimeko phantsi enokwenza ubunzima kwi-5% biogeocoenose. Eyamkelekileyo (kwamkeleke) umngcipheko imiyalelo 2-3 ziwe "engqongqo ngakumbi" Enyanisweni, oko kukuthi, ulawulo yayo ejolise ngqo ekuqinisekiseni ukhuseleko lomntu.

Okukodwa

umngcipheko Sivumelekile - lo mda ebekwe ngokuthathela ingqalelo imiba kwezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho, ezentlalo kunye nobugcisa. Yena ukusilela okuthile phakathi iqondo elifunekayo ukhuseleko kunye nomthamo impumelelo yayo. Yonke uluntu iye iholo. Xa utyala imali ngokungeyomfuneko elikhulu mali kwimisebenzi ejolise ekunciphiseni ubungozi zobugcisa, ngemali zentlalo, ezoqoqosho kunye namanye amacandelo iya kuncitshiswa. Ngamanye amazwi, kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso izisongelo zokhuseleko iya kuncitshiswa. Nangona kunjalo, ukwanda imingcipheko yezentlalo kunye noqoqosho. Kwigophe ngokusongelwa ezongezelekayo liza kuba neengcali ubuncinane kwi umlinganiselo othile phakathi utyalo-mali kwisigaba kwezentlalo kunye nobugcisa. Ukuchaza umngcipheko elamkelekileyo, kuyimfuneko ukuze bakuthathele ingqalelo.

Indlela yokuphepha

Ngo-sikhokelo theory wayesebenza ezinye iimpawu umatshini olumisela ingozi ngamnye eyamkelekileyo kunye neqondo isoyikiso kuluntu luphela. Ezi nkqubo zibandakanya:

1. Le Amathuba okuba umonakalo ayikho ngaphezulu kwe-1% yenkcitho karhulumente indalo, ukusetyenziswa kunye ukutshona into. Esi salathisi sibonisa ubungozi eyamkelekileyo eluntwini.
2. Amathuba yokwenzakala kakhulu okanye ukufa ayikho ngaphezulu kwe umonakalo zasekhaya izinto ngengozi kakubi eziphembelela. Le bemfuno umiselwe umntu labantu.
3. Amathuba lwengozi yempilo akukho elide kunokuba imisebenzi ngaphansi eyingozi. Le bemfuno umiselwe abasebenzi.

izimiso

Ingcaciso lwezibonisi, ongqamana ingozi owamkelekileyo - umgaqo-nkqubo eyodwa karhulumente kunye noluntu, olusekelwe phezu kwinani izibonelelo ezisisiseko. Imithetho-siseko engundoqo ukuze sibe nokumiliselwa ziquka:

1. Ukubeka iinjongo ngokomgangatho ezintsha kunye neenjongo zokhuseleko. Oku, ingakumbi, kukuba basuke umgaqo-nkqubo nokususwa ngokupheleleyo yosongo ezijolise kuphela ekuphuculeni technosphere, nezalathisi, kukujolisa ekuphuculweni okusingqongileyo, impilo wonke ummi kunye noluntu ngokubanzi.
2. Ukuphuhliswa zokufuya le uhlalutyo lwamanani iingozi, umngcipheko-based methodology kuphando.
3. Yokuziqhelanisa imo yokhuseleko kwinkqubo yolawulo. Oku, ngokukodwa, kukho utshintsho ukusuka ingqwalasela ezisongela tracking yempembelelo yabo kwimpilo yoluntu kunye nokusingqongileyo. Ngelo xesha linye kumele ukugcina ukulawula iimeko ezimbi.
4. Ukuphuhliswa iindlela zokubona ukulingana avumelekile phakathi izoyikiso kunye nezibonelelo zomsebenzi ethile. Ezi ndlela kufuneka zisekelwe kuvavanyo ezithandwa zoluntu, amathuba ekhoyo kwezoqoqosho kunye nezithintelo zokusingqongileyo.

Ezi nkcukacha zokuphunyezwa

The degree of ukuqaliswa ingqiqo ehlabathini namhlanje eyahlukileyo. Kwezinye ithi, kubhaliwe kuMgaqo-mthetho. Umzekelo, kwi-Netherlands ukuba yamkelwa yiPalamente ngo-1985, waziphakamisa ukuba ixabiso elifomatiweyo isenzo emisiweyo. Eli lizwe ithathwa umzekelo karhulumente apho iindlela probabilistic ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwimisebenzi eyenziwayo enxulumene nokhuseleko abemi 'inxaxheba ekusebenzeni kwezibonelelo zemveliso nje. Kwamanye amazwe, afana eJapan, eKhanada, njalo njalo., Ukuphunyezwa Isikali yengqiqo ulinganiselwe ngakumbi. Nakuba kunjalo, kuzo zonke amazwe, kukho umkhwa ukwandisa imida isicelo wayo. Ke ukuba iRussia, ingozi eyamkelekileyo aphezulu kakhulu ngaphezu koko amanye amazwe njengoko ayamkelekanga.

inqanaba Depreciatingly aphantsi isoyikiso

Kweli nqanaba lomngcipheko kucingwa ukuba nokuqinisa amanyathelo okhuseleko engafanelekanga. Esi sikhundla kubangelwa yinto yokuba imisebenzi ezilandelayo ziza kufuna imali ebonakalayo. Kulo mzekelo, okusingqongileyo kunye labemi, kuyo nayiphi imeko aya kuxhomekeka phantse nangoku esichengeni ngenxa nefuthe kwezinye izinto. Ngelo xesha, kukho izinga eliphezulu engozini. Eli nani kungagqithwa, nokuba ubukhulu iindleko. Phakathi kwale migangatho kukho indawo apho kuyimfuneko ukunciphisa ingozi ekufumaneni kwizibhambathiso phakathi ilahleko yemali kunye neenzuzo zentlalo.

isiphelo

Phakathi sikhokelo kwethiyori umngcipheko eyamkelekileyo ukuphucula umgangatho wobomi babo bonke abemi kukhawulelwe kakhulu. Oku kungenxa yokuba ukuze uphunyezwe lawo alisayi kuwathathela ngqalelo eliluncedo loluntu (inzuzo) lobuchwepheshe ophezulu, nto leyo sikwinqanaba lokuqala nga sikhatshwe kwandisa amathuba abo baluphumeze. Oku kubangela ukulahlwa kwabo kuluntu. Ngelo xesha, iteknoloji entsha nangoku iyaphuhliswa kwaye esetyenziswa yi indoda leyo yokusindisa kunye nomgangatho koko wobomi. Kulo mba, isilawuli ukhuseleko loluntu, kunye ingqiqo isisongelo esinengqondo ukusebenzisa ngobhalo umngcipheko gwe. Ngokutsho kuyo, engcono kwisalathisi ingozi, nto leyo efanelekileyo eluntwini. Ukhuseleko ungcipheko olukhawulezileyo abemi neqonga ethile inkqubela yenzululwazi kunye zobugcisa abukhange bufikelelwe kumgangatho owamkelekileyo. Kulo mba, amalungu oluntu ukuba afumane imbuyekezo kwezoqoqosho. Bangakwazi luboniswe uhlobo okanye imali. Ngenxa oku, ukuba akuyi kuncitshiswa, ngoko ke ubuncinane, ncitshiswa impembelelo izinto ezimbi.