Navigation system. Ukuhamba Systems Marine

izixhobo navigation iintlobo ngeentlobo iintlobo nokulungalungiswa. Kukho iindlela zenzelwe ukusetyenziswa kwiimeko yolwandle evulekileyo, ngoxa abanye apha kwinginginya ezibanzi abasebenzisi, iqeshe omkhulu kakhulu ngeenjongo zokuzonwabisa. Zintoni inkqubo navigation na?

Yintoni navigation?

Igama elithi "yokukhangela" livela kwisiLatini. igama Navigo lithetha "kwakudada phezu enqanaweni." Ngoko ekuqaleni kwakufana kufana ngokuthumela okanye ukunyuka usihla. Kodwa uphuhliso lobuchwepheshe eziququzelela indlela lokuhamba iinqanawa kwi iilwandle, nokufika eyama technology isithuba, eli gama liye wanda kakhulu uluhlu ukutolika kunokwenzeka.

Namhlanje, phantsi yokukhangela kuthetha inkqubo apho umntu ixhomekeke ulawulo ethile, ngokusekelwe zilungelelanise yayo lomhlaba. Okt yokukhangela iquka iinkqubo ezimbini - control ngqo, ngokunjalo ekunikeleni umendo ngokupheleleyo into.

iintlobo navigation

Ulwahlulo lweendidi yeNavigeyishini kumba kakhulu. iingcali Modern ukuchonga iintlobo zalo ezinkulu ezilandelayo:

- imoto;

- mkhulu;

- isilwanyana navigation;

- umoya;

- isithuba;

- elwandle;

- radio navigation;

- satellite;

- komhlaba;

- ulwazi;

- inertial.

Ezinye zezi ntlobo yeNavigeyishini zinxulumene ngokusondeleyo - ikakhulu ngenxa ububanzi iiteknoloji inxaxheba. Ngokomzekelo, imoto navigation usoloko esebenzisa izixhobo okufana satellite.

Kukho iindidi ezahlukeneyo apho izibonelelo zeteknoloji eziliqela asetyenziswa ngaxeshanye, ezifana, kuba iinkqubo umzekelo, navigation kunye nolwazi. Babe isitshixo, njengoko izibonelelo ezifana satellite. Noko ke, eyona njongo iphambili ukusebenzisa ukuba anike amaqela ekujoliswe kuwo zabasebenzisi ulwazi oluyimfuneko.

system navigation

Uhlobo ohambelana kweefom inqanawa, njengoko umthetho, enegama elifanayo le nkqubo. Kukho, ngoko, inkqubo imoto navigation, ulwandle, indawo, njl Inkcazo lo gama kwakhona ezikhoyo ekuhlaleni ingcali. Inkqubo navigation, ngokutyhilwa efanayo - ingqokelela iindidi ezahlukeneyo izixhobo (ukuba kuyasebenza - kunye software) ezikuvumela ukuba ukujonga indawo yento, kwakunye ukubala indlela yakhe. Toolkit kunokuba ezahlukileyo apha. Kodwa kwiimeko ezininzi, le nkqubo ebonakala ngamacandelwana ezingundoqo enjengale ilandelayo:

- amakhadi (idla electronically);

- abenzi boluvo, satellites kunye nezinye iiyunithi ukubala ezihambelanayo;

- izinto non-nkqubo zinika inkcazelo malunga Indawo esikuyo ekujoliswe;

- unit hardware kunye nocazululo software, igalelo data kunye output kunye odibanisa izinto ezintathu zokuqala.

Njengoko umthetho, isakhiwo abo okanye ezinye iinkqubo apha naphaya ukulungiselela iimfuno zabasebenzisi ekupheleni. Iintlobo ezithile ze izisombululo ukuze accentuated ziphuhliswe ukuze inxalenye yenkqubo, okanye, icala, zekhompyutha. Umzekelo, ethandwayo kwinkqubo navigation Russian "Navitel" - oku ithambe ngakumbi. Iyilelwe ukuba asebenzise uluhlu olubanzi abemi, ekubeni iintlobo ezahlukeneyo izixhobo mobile - laptops, amacwecwe, Smartphones.

Okuhamba satellite

Nayiphi na inkqubo navigation luthatha, kuqala kwiinto zonke, nokumisela uququzelelo yento - ngokuqhelekileyo esisemthethweni. Ngokwembali, izixhobo abantu kulo mba waye waphucuka rhoqo. Namhlanje, iinkqubo navigation kakhulu oluphambili - satellite. isakhiwo yabo imelwe iseti izixhobo ophezulu-ngqo, inxalenye yayo ibekwe kwi Umhlaba, enye - bexakeke zanda. Iinkqubo navigation satellite Modern Ungabala kuphela uququzelelo geographical yenjongosenzi kodwa isantya kunye nolwalathiso lokuya kwaso.

Elements of navigation satellite

Ukubunjwa neenkqubo ezichaphazelekayo ziquka ezi nkalo zilandelayo ezingundoqo: umlaza satellite, iiyunithi umhlaba yomlinganiselo nokulungelelanisa izinto Orbital kwaye benikana ulwazi kunye nazo izixhobo kuphele-umsebenzisi (esasihamba), nezixhotyiswe isoftware eyimfuneko, kwezinye iimeko - izincedisi ukuba iinkcukacha ze zilungelelanise ngokwezelizwe (GSM nemboniselo amajelo intanethi, izikhonkwane unomathotholo, njl njl).

njani navigation satellite

njani inkqubo satellite navigation? Isiseko yokusebenza - umgama algorithm womlinganiselo ukusuka into ukuya satellites. Le yokugqibela ibekwe nokujikeleza phantse ngaphandle kokutshintsha isikhundla sakhe, ngenxa yezikhundla zabo isoloko kuthelekiswa rhoqo uMhlaba. Xa Umlawuli, amanani angqinelanayo wabeka. Ukufumana satellite amxuluba enxulumene noko (okanye ezininzi), izixhobo simisela, yena, indawo yayo okuyo. Indlela esisiseko apha - ukubalwa umgama isantya wave radio satellite-based. into Orbital ithumela isicelo uMhlaba ngokuchanileyo ayiqhelekanga kwexesha - isebenzisa ikloko atomic. Ukufumana impendulo evela Umatiloshe, (yayo okanye iqela) i-satellite simisela umgama ngexesha elithile ixesha ukupasa wave erediyo. Ngokufanayo, le uqina nangobude into - isikali kancinci kuphela nzima ngakumbi.

ubunzima technical

Siye sizimisele ukuba nesatellite - yeyona ogqibeleleyo namhlanje indlela yokufumanisa ukuba uququzelelo eendawo. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa bobuqili obu bugcisa sikhatshwa inani kobunzima zobugcisa. Yintoni, umzekelo? Okokuqala, lo ngowona ukungafani lonikezelo yentsimi omxhuzulane planethi - oku kuchaphazela indawo satellite kuthelekiswa uMhlaba. A impahla efanayo linophawu yi-atmosfera. ukungafani wayo ezinokuchaphazela uqina kwamaza erediyo, nto leyo esisizathu sokuba le imilinganiso ezichaphazelekayo ukuze kakuhle.

Enye ubunzima yezobuchwepheshe - umqondiso wathuma ukusuka ezazifotwe Nomqhubi, ngokufuthi zivalwe zezinye izinto ezisentlabathini. Ngenxa yoko, ukusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo kwenkqubo emizini kunye nezakhiwo ubude kunzima.

ukusetyenziswa Practical-Hewana

iinkqubo Satellite navigation zifumana uluhlu olubanzi izicelo. Ngeendlela ezininzi - njengesixhobo ezahlukeneyo izisombululo orhwebo lwe zokuqhelaniswa yoluntu. Kunokuba kuba zombane ekhaya, kwaye umzekelo, inkqubo navigation eendaba ngemiba yezemfundo. Ngaphandle ukusetyenziswa zokunxiba, Hewana resource ukuba abahloli, iingcungela kummandla cartography, iinkampani ezothutho, iinkonzo zoluntu ezahlukeneyo. Izazi ngenkuthalo inxaxheba satellites. Ingakumbi, ukuba ingasetyenziswa ukubala intshukumo enamandla ziitectonic plates ye kwamacwecwe zomhlaba. Zisetyenziswa omkhulu satellite kwaye njengesixhobo marketing - ngoncedo ingqondo, apho kukho iindlela geopositioning, iinkampani uphando kwesiseko zabaxhasi, kwakunye, umzekelo, izibhengezo zentengiso ekujoliswe ngqo. Kakade ke, sebenzisa matiloshe kunye nabezomkhosi - ke, enyanisweni, waba enkulu iinkqubo navigation namhlanje, GPS kunye GLONASS - kuba iimfuno US Army neRashiya ngokulandelelanayo. Kwaye oku uluhlu alupheli yeendawo apho ezinokusetyenziswa satellites.

systems navigation Modern

Zeziphi iinkqubo navigation basebenza namhlanje kuquka esebenzayo okanye kwi nqanaba deployment? Masiqalise kunye lowo uvele kwimarike yoluntu jikelele ngaphambi ngaphezu kwezinye iinkqubo navigation - GPS. umbhekisi phambili Kwalo umnini - US iSebe lezoKhuselo. Devices ukuba asebenzise i-GPS-Hewana - eqhelekileyo kakhulu ehlabathini. Ikakhulu ngenxa yokuba, njengoko besisithi ngasentla, inkqubo navigation US iye yaziswa emarikeni ngaphambi kontanga yayo yangoku.

Ngokuqinisekileyo ukuqhubeka zithanda GLONASS. Oku - inkqubo navigation Russian. It loluka, ke, iSebe lezoKhuselo ye-Russian Federation. Uyilelwe, ngokutsho kuguqulelo omnye, malunga xesha efanayo naleyo i-GPS - kwi-80 kweye-- ekuqaleni 90 ubudala. Noko ke, imarike luluntu siyakhuthazeka xa kutshanje nje 2011. abenzi ngakumbi izisombululo iintsimbi lokumisela navigation GLONASS inkxaso izixhobo zabo.

Kuthathwa ukuba ukhuphiswano kakhulu ukuya GLONASS kunye GPS ungenza inkqubo navigation lwehlabathi "Beidou", kuphuhliswa e China. Noko ke, okwangoku isebenza kuphela nje kazwelonke. isimo Global ngayo ukufumana, ngokutsho kwezinye abahlalutyi, ngo-2020, xa komzila Hewana ngokwaneleyo ziya kuboniswa - malunga 35. "Beidou" inkqubo yophuhliso nkqubo eselula - iye nje kuphela niqale 2000, kwaye isathelayithi yokuqala laphehlelelwa developers Chinese 2007.

Ukuzama ukugcina abaMhlophe. Inkqubo navigation GLONASS kunye nogxa wayo American kwixesha elizayo angangena kakuhle kwi ukhuphiswano kunye UGalileo. umlaza Vula-Hewana-mali ilungelo izinto iiyunithi Orbital baseYurophu isicwangciso ngo-2020.

Phakathi kwezinye iiprojekthi elithembisayo kuphuhliso lwezixokelelwano yokuhla onokubonwa Indian IRNSS, kunye QZSS Japanese. Ngokuphathelele balibhengeza ulwazi lokuqala uluntu malunga neenjongo umphuhlisi ukuba ukudala inkqubo yehlabathi kodwa. Kuthathwa ukuba IRNSS uya kukhonza kuphela kummandla India. Le nkqubo kwakhona pretty abaselula - le isathelayithi yokuqala ezifakwa orbit ngo-2008. inkqubo satellite Japanese kulindeleke ukuba isetyenziswe ikakhulu kwintsimi yesizwe lizwe okanye umphuhlisi okufuphi kuyo.

endaweni accuracy

Ngaphezu sibonile eziliqela neengxaki ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kweenkqubo satellite navigation. Phakathi eziphambili, into ebizwa - indawo Hewana ujikeleza, okanye intshukumo zabo endleleni olifunayo akusoloko luphawulwa uzinzo olungagungqiyo eziliqela izizathu. Oku kubalwa umisela kakuhle ze zilungelelanise ezindawo Umlawuli. Noko ke, le nto kuphela eziphembelela ndawo echanekileyo ndiza. Yintoni enye kuchaphazela ukuchana yokubala uququzelelo?

Okokuqala, kufanele kuphawulwe - ezo atomic ukuba ifakwe kwi-Hewana ayisoloko ichanekile ngokupheleleyo. Bathi zinokwenzeka, nangona ezincinane kakhulu, kodwa kuchaphazela umgangatho iimpazamo kwinkqubo navigation. Umzekelo, ukuba xa kubalwa ixesha apho wave radio ihamba, uya wenze impazamo kwinqanaba kwamashumi nanoseconds, le inaccuracy ekumisweni zilungelelanise kuko isisiseko kuba mitha ezininzi. Noko ke, ngo-Hewana mihla kufuneka izixhobo kuvumela ukubala, kwanokuqwalasela iimpazamo akhawunti kunokwenzeka ewotshini atomic.

Ngaphezu sibonile ukuba phakathi imiba echaphazela ukuchaneka lweenkqubo yokuhla - ukungafani yemeko komhlaba. Iza kuba luncedo ukuba ukongeza oku nolunye ulwazi olunxulumene ifuthe amasimi-Earth kufuphi kwi ukusebenza Hewana. Isibakala sokuba umoya iplanethi yethu zohlulwa zayimimandla eziliqela. Lowo ngokwenene kumda enesithuba free - ionosphere - iquka umaleko amasuntswana ukuba intlawulo ethile. Baya kokuphazamisa amaza erediyo, i-satellite uthumela, okunciphisa yamendu azo, apho umgama ukuya yinto kubalwa imposiso. Qaphela ukuba olu hlobo mthombo iingxaki wonxibelelwano kubabhekisi phambili umsebenzi satellite navigation: xa ubuchule kwezixhobo Orbital zidla zifakwe iintlobo ezahlukeneyo mzekelo lolungiso, kuthathelwa ingqalelo xa kubalwa sicatshulwa kwamaza erediyo ngokusebenzisa ionosphere.

Amafu kunye nezinye izenzakalo esesibhakabhakeni nabo kuchaphazela ukuchaneka lweenkqubo lokuhla unyuka. Water umphunga langoku kwiingcamba ezichaphazelekayo zezulu umhlaba esingxotyeni, kwakunye amasuntswana kwi ionosphere, kuchaphazela isantya kwamaza erediyo.

Kakade ke, ngokuphathelele ukusetyenziswa GLONASS yasekhaya okanye GPS kuhlanganiselo leeyunithi ezilolo hlobo, ezifana nenkqubo media inqanawa, apho imisebenzi ngeendlela ezininzi ukonwabisa, ezinye ezingachanekanga ezincinane nokulungelelanisa miscalculations azikho kakhulu. Kodwa xa ukusetyenziswa yomkhosi-Hewana esihambelanayo izibalo mababe sihambelane indawo yokwenene kwendawo yezinto.

Iimpawu navigation yolwandle

Emva wayethetha hlobo mihla yeNavigeyishini, sithatha uhambo olufutshane umlando. Njengoko yaziwa, lo gama ngokwayo, ekubhekiselwe kuyo, okwesihlandlo sokuqala bubonakala bume olwandle. Ziziphi iimpawu luphawulwa ziinkqubo navigation zaselwandle?

Ethetha malunga nomba yembali, kunokwenzeka ukuba uqaphele ukuba zazivelela lwezixhobo kwindawo yokulahla oomatiloshe. Enye i "isisombululo zekhompyutha" yokuqala yaba ikhampasi, egqalwa yi ezinye iingcali ukuze ziye zasungulwa kwinkulungwane XI. Inkqubo imephu, yokukhangela njengoko izixhobo ezingundoqo nayo iphuculwe. Ngenkulungwane XVI Gerard kweMercator waqalisa mephu zisekelwe kumgaqo isicelo wokuprojektha zezindlu kunye engile alinganayo. Kwinkulungwane XIX ukuba luveliswe lag - iyunithi ngomatshini ekwaziyo yokulinganisa isantya iinqanawa. Kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini kwi yokugcina oomatiloshe wabonakala radar, kwaye ngoko ke Hewana zonxibelelwano isithuba. Ngoku Iinkqubo navigation zaselwandle eziphambili yokusebenza, ngaloo ndlela bevuna iinzuzo ukuhambahamba esibhakabhakeni ngumntu. Zeziphi ezi nkcukacha umsebenzi wabo?

Ezinye iingcali zikholelwa ukuba iphambili apho luphawulwa inkqubo zaselwandle navigation mihla - izixhobo standard ezifakwe enqanaweni, siyakwazi ukumelana eliphezulu kakhulu lingonakali kunye namanzi. Oku kuyaqondakala - akunakwenzeka ukuba athumele kwindawo evulekileyo swimming amawaka eekhilomitha ukusuka komhlaba, kwaba kwimeko xa izixhobo akaphumeleli ngokungalindelekanga. Phezu komhlaba, apho ufikelelo - izibonelelo impucuko, yonke into ingalungiswa, elwandle - kuyingxaki.

Ziziphi ezinye iimpawu eziphawulekayo inkqubo navigation ulwandle? izixhobo olusisigxina, ukongeza kwiimfuno zomthetho - unxibe ukuxhathisa ngokuqhelekileyo iqulethe iimodyuli malilungiselelwe nitrogen ezithile iparameters kokusingqongileyo (ubunzulu, ubushushu bamanzi, njalo njalo). Kwakhona, isantya esi sikhephe kwiinkqubo navigation zaselwandle, kwiimeko ezininzi nangoku Hewana kunye neendlela rhoqo ibalwe.